B2 Ocr Gateway Revision

Front 1

Natural Classification

Back 1

Based on evolutionary relationships between a species and genetic differences

Front 2

Artificial Classification

Back 2

Based on appearance only

Front 3

Plants

Back 3

Produce food through photosynthesis

Do not move

Have a celluose cell wall

Front 4

Animals

Back 4

Consume food

They move

Have a nervous system

Front 5

Fungi

Back 5

Do not move

Have cell walls and grow by spores

Front 6

Bacteria

Back 6

Single Cells

No Nucleus

Front 7

Protocitsta

Back 7

Single Cells

Some have chloroplasts

No cell wall

Front 8

Hybrid

Back 8

Infertile offspring of two different species

Front 9

Kingdom---->Phylum---->Class---->

Back 9

Order---->Family--->Genus---->Species

Front 10

Energy Efficiency Equation

Back 10

Energy Efficiency = Energy Converted to biomass/Total energy taken in x 100

Front 11

Pyramids of Biomass

Back 11

Length of each bar represents th eorganic mass

Always be a bigger bottomed pyramid

Front 12

Pyramids of Number

Back 12

Shows the number of organisms at each trophic level of the food chain

Front 13

The Carbon Cycle

Back 13

-Carbon dioxide is released through respiration.

-It's taken in by plants for photosynthesis.

-Plants are eaten by animals.

-Animal/Plant death causes further release of carbon dioxide.

Front 14

Carbon Recycled at Sea

Back 14

-Marine organisms shells made from carbonates fossilise into limestone rock

-Volcanic eruptions and weathering cause the limestone to release carbon dioxide

-Oceans absorb carbon dioxide like Carbon Sinks

Front 15

The Nitrogen Cycle

Back 15

-Dead plants and animals are chemically broken down by micro-organisms

-Plants absorb the broken down nitrates to make proteins for growth

-Nitrates are passed onto animals through eating and plants and animals die to restart the cycle

Front 16

Nitrifying Bacteria

Back 16

Converts ammonia to nitrates

Front 17

De-nitrifying bacteria

Back 17

Converts nitrates to nitrogen

Front 18

Nitrogen Fixing Bacteria

Back 18

Converts nitrogen into nitrates

Front 19

Animals compete for...

Back 19

Food

Territory

Mates

Water

Front 20

Plants compete for....

Back 20

Sunlight

Water

Space

Minerals

Front 21

Interspecific Competition

Back 21

Different species' compete for the same resources

Front 22

Intraspecific Competition

Back 22

The same species compete for the same resources

Front 23

Ecological Niche

Back 23

The role an organism has in an ecosystem

Front 24

Mutualistic Relationship

Back 24

A relationship where both species benefit

Front 25

Parasitic Relationship

Back 25

Where only one organism (the parasite) benefits from the other organism.

Front 26

Adaptations to Cold Environments

Back 26

Being well insulated to avoid heat loss

Small surface area to volume ratio to prevent heat loss

Behavioural adaptations like hibernation or migration

Front 27

Polar Bears Adaptations

Back 27

Small ears, large bulk to reduce surface area to volume ratio

Insulating blubber below skin

Thick white fur for insulation and camouflage

Large feet to spread weight on snow and ice

Fur on paw soles for insulation and grip

Powerful legs for running and swimming

Front 28

Counter Current Heat Exchange System

(In Penguins)

Back 28

1) Warm blood enters the feet

2) Warm blood passes by the cold blood, warming it up

3) Blood returns through the rest of the body

Front 29

Camels

(Adaptations)

Back 29

Fat in the hump

Don't sweat

Core temp can rise by 6 degrees

Bushy eyelashes/ Hair-lined nostrils (stops sand)

Large feet to spread weight

Front 30

Cacti

(Adaptations)

Back 30

Stems store water

Long roots-reach more water

Waterproof cuticle

leaves become spines to reduce water loss and stop animals getting at water stem

Reduced surface area lessens evaporation

Front 31

Extremophiles

Back 31

Biochemically adapted organisms that can survive in extreme conditions

Front 32

Anti-Freeze Proteins

Back 32

Organisms that live in very cold conditions have them

Antartic Fish use them to prevent icicle growth in them

Front 33

Specialist Animals

Back 33

Animals suited only to certain habitats

Front 34

Generalists

Back 34

Animals that can live in a range of habitats, and are easily out-competed by other species'

Front 35

Predators

(Adaptations)

Back 35

Built for bursts of speed

Camouflaged

Sharp teeth and claws

Binocular Vision

Front 36

Prey

(Adaptations)

Back 36

Built for speed

Well-camouflaged

Live in groups for protection

Monocular Vision

Use mimicry for protection

Front 37

Natural Selection Process

Back 37

1) Natural Variation between organisms

2) Organisms compete for limited resources

3) Survival of the Fittest, those better adapted

4) Genes for successful adaptations are then inherited by offspring

Front 38

Geographical Isolation

Back 38

Isolating half of a species, causing them to adapt differently to the original in a different habitat.

Front 39

For speciation to occur...

Back 39

Either...

1) A population needs to be geographically isolated.

2) The populations must be prevented from breeding with one another.

Front 40

Lamarck's Theory

Back 40

1) Organisms change during their lifetime as they struggle to survive

2) These changes are passed onto their offspring

Theory was rejected because there was no evidence.

Front 41

Exponential growth

Back 41

When a measurement is growing at an ever increasing rate

Front 42

Finite

Back 42

A measurement with a definite end

E.g. Fossil Fuels

Front 43

Infinite

Back 43

Never ending

E.g. The Universe

Front 44

The Ozone Layer

Back 44

Prevents too many UV rays (cause skin cancer) reaching Earth

Depleting sue to CFC's

Front 45

Acid Rain

Back 45

Acidic gases are released from burning fossil fuels. Gases dissolve in rain water to make acid rain.

Causes metal corroding, forest destruction and acidic lakes.

Front 46

Global Warming

Back 46

1) Heat energy from the sun is reflected of the earth's surface back to space

2) When it reaches the atmosphere some rays pass through. Others are trapped by greenhouse gases, warming the earth.

Front 47

Indicator Species

Back 47

A species that indicates pollution levels

Front 48

Indicator Species

(Pro's)

Back 48

Cheaper than electrical equipment

Tests for a range of environmental changes

Indicates conditions over time

Front 49

Indicator Species

(Con's)

Back 49

Un-Ethical

Kills unaware organisms

Harms environment

Interferes with natural eco-systems

Not always reliable

Front 50

Indicator Species

(Examples)

Back 50

Clean Water

-Water Louse

-Mayfly Larva

-Stonefly Larva

Polluted Water

-Sledge Worm

-Blood Worm

-Rat-tailed Maggot

Front 51

Sustainable Development

Back 51

Making sure enough of a certain resource is left for future generations

Front 52

Promoting Sustainability Methods

Back 52

Fishing Quota's

Managed Woodlands

Education

Front 53

Threats to Endangered Species'

Back 53

Climate change

Destruction of habitats

Hunting

Increased competition

Pollutants

Front 54

Protecting Endangered Species'

Back 54

Education

Breeding programmes

Protection

Legal protection

Prohibiting Hunting

Front 55

Conservation Programmes are used for...

Back 55

Protection human food supply bu maintaining genetic variety

Stabilising eco-systems by minimilising damage to food chains/habitats

Studying plants useful for medicinal purposes

Protecting indigenious people in threatened habitats

Front 56

Causes of Whale Death

Back 56

Entanglement in nets

Pollutants in the sea

Collision with migration ships

Climate Change

Hunting

Front 57

Dead Whales are used for...

Back 57

Research

Captive Breeding

Entertainment

Tradition

Food

Oil

Cosmetics

Front 58

Research Conducted Regarding Whales

Back 58

How they communicate

How they Migrate

How they dive, and survive at extreme depths