B2-Additional Biology Gcse Aqa

Front 1

What is the function of a cell membrane?

Back 1

Controls the movement of substances in and out of a cell

Front 2

What happens in the cytoplasm?

Back 2

Chemical reactions, controlled by enzymes

Front 3

What is in the nucleus?
What is the function of the nucleus?

Back 3

Genetic information
Controls all activity in the cell

Front 4

What is the purpose of a cell wall?

Back 4

Strengthen the cell

Front 5

What is the function of a chloroplast?

Back 5

Contain chlorophyll which absorbs light for photosynthesis

Front 6

What is in a permanent vacuole?
What is its purpose?

Back 6

Cell sap
Keep the cell turgid (enlarged with water)

Front 7

How is a red blood cell specialised?

Back 7

No nucleus to provide more space
Packed full of haemoglobin to absorb oxygen
Thin outer membrane to let diffusion of oxygen happen easily
Shape increases surface area

Front 8

How is an ovum specialised?

Back 8

Large cell to carry food reserves for the embryo

Front 9

How is a white blood cell specialised?

Back 9

Has the ability to change shape so it can destroy or engulf a pathogen successfully

Front 10

What are the features of a bacterial cell?

Back 10

Single bacterium
No nucleus
Cytoplasm
Cell membrane
Cell wall
Flagellum

Front 11

What are the features of a yeast cell?

Back 11

Single-celled fungus
Nucleus
Cytoplasm
Cell membrane
Cell wall
Vacuole

Front 12

What substances do cells have to constantly replace?
What substance do cells have to constantly remove?

Back 12

Oxygen and glucose for respiration
Carbon dioxide

Front 13

What can pass in and out of cells through diffusion?

Back 13

Gases
Substances in a solution

Front 14

What is diffusion?

Back 14

Spreading of the particles of a gas or substance in a solution
Net movement from an area of higher concentration to a region with a lower concentration

Front 15

What affects the rate of diffusion?

Back 15

The greater the difference in concentration, the faster the rate of diffusion

Front 16

To create a multicellular organism, what must happen?

Back 16

The cells must differentiate to carry out different functions

Front 17

If you differentiate a cell, what does it become?

Back 17

A specialised cell that have a similar structure and function

Front 18

What is a tissue?

Back 18

A group of specialised cells

Front 19

What does muscular tissue enable?
How does the tissue work in the stomach?

Back 19

Movement due to contraction
Contract to churn contents

Front 20

What is the purpose of glandular tissue?
How does this tissue work in the stomach?

Back 20

To produce substances such as enzymes and hormones
Produces digestive enzymes and acid

Front 21

What is the purpose of epithelial tissue?
How does this tissue work in the stomach?

Back 21

Covers some parts of the body such as organs
Lines the outside and inside of the stomach

Front 22

How do the following organs contribute to the digestive system?
Pancreas and salivary glandStomach
Small intestine
Liver
Large intestines

Back 22

Produce digestive juices
Digests food
Digest and absorb soluble food
Produces bile to break down fats
Absorbs water form undigested food, producing faeces

Front 23

What is the purpose of epidermal tissue?

Back 23

To cover the plant

Front 24

What is the purpose of mesophyll tissue?

Back 24

Carries out photosynthesis

Front 25

What is the purpose of both xylem and phloem tissue?

Back 25

Transport substances around the plant

Front 26

Give examples of plant organs

Back 26

Roots
Stem
Leaves

Front 27

How is a leaf adapted to absorbing sunlight?
Chlorophyll?
Large surface area?
Thin?

Back 27

Absorb sunlight
Absorb more sunlight
Easier for carbon dioxide to diffuse into the leaf cells

Front 28

What 3 factors affect the rate of photosynthesis?

Back 28

Temperature
Carbon Dioxide concentration
Light Intensity

Front 29

At what temperature are the enzymes that control photosynthesis destroyed?

Back 29

45 degrees

Front 30

What are the function of guard cells?

Back 30

Control the opening and closing of stomata
Found in pairs
Located in the leaves

Front 31

How is a root hair cell specialised?

Back 31

Tiny hair extensions to increase surface area so that the plant can absorb more water

Front 32

How is a xylem cell specialised?

Back 32

Long, hollow cells to transport water through the stem

Front 33

Where does diffusion occur?

Back 33

Lungs
Small intestine

Front 34

Name 3 examples of plant organs

Back 34

Stem
Leaves
Roots

Front 35

What 4 things are needed for photosynthesis?

Back 35

Water
Light
Chlorophyll
Carbon dioxide

Front 36

How do plants use glucose?
Name 4 things

Back 36

Changed into insoluble starch, stored in roots, leaves or stem
Respiration to provide energy
Produce cellulose to strengthen cell wall
Produce proteins, uses nitrate ions from soil

Front 37

What are proteins?

Back 37

Molecules made from long chains of amino acids which are folded into a specific 3D shape

Front 38

What 4 things do proteins act as?

Back 38

Structural components for tissue
Hormones
Antibodies
Catalysts

Front 39

What are enzymes?

Back 39

Biological catalysts made from proteins

Front 40

What do catalysts do?

Back 40

Increase the rate of reaction by lowering the activation energy

Front 41

What is specific to the enzyme that is vital for its function?

Back 41

Shape

Front 42

Why is it dangerous for humans to have a temperature?

Back 42

High temperatures denature the shape of the active site within the enzyme so that they no longer work

Front 43

What temperature do enzymes work best in?

Back 43

37 degrees

Front 44

How do digestive enzymes work?

Back 44

Released from cells
They come into contact with food molecules
Catalyse breakdown of large food molecules to smaller ones
They turn insoluble substances into soluble substances so they can be absorbed in the bloodstream

Front 45

What are the 3 digestive enzymes?

Back 45

Protease
Lipase
Amylase

Front 46

Where is amylase produced?

Back 46

Salivary glands
Pancreas
Small intestine

Front 47

What does amylase digest?

Back 47

Starch

Front 48

What does amylase produce?
Where is this product produced?

Back 48

Sugars
Mouth and small intestine

Front 49

Where is protease produced?

Back 49

Stomach
Pancreas
Small intestine

Front 50

What does protease digest?

Back 50

Proteins

Front 51

What does protease produce?
Where is this product produced?

Back 51

Amino acids
Stomach and small intestine

Front 52

Where is lipase produced?

Back 52

Pancreas
Small intestine

Front 53

What does lipase digest?

Back 53

Lipids (fats and oils)

Front 54

What does lipase produce?
Where are these products produced?

Back 54

Fatty acids and glycerol
Small intestine

Front 55

What is the function of mesophyll?

Back 55

Tissue used to carry out photosynthesis

Front 56

What is the function of epidermal tissue?

Back 56

Cover outside of the plant

Front 57

What is the function of xylem?

Back 57

Transport water

Front 58

What is the function of phloem

Back 58

Transport nutrients

Front 59

What 3 things affect photosynthesis?

Back 59

Light intensity
Carbon dioxide levels
Temperature

Front 60

Which two enzymes are in biological detergents and why?

Back 60

Lipase- Break down oil and grease stains
Protease-Break down blood and food stains

Front 61

Where is bile produced?

Back 61

In the liver

Front 62

Where is bile stored?

Back 62

Gall bladder

Front 63

Where is bile realised into?

Back 63

Small intestine

Front 64

What is the function of bile?
Why is this important?

Back 64

It neutralises the acid that is added to food in the stomach
This means alkaline conditions are present which enzymes in the small intestines work best in

Front 65

Which enzyme is used in baby food and why?

Back 65

Protease because it pre-digests protein

Front 66

Which enzyme is used to convert starch into sugar syrup?

Back 66

Amylase/Carbohydrase

Front 67

Which enzyme is used to convert glucose into fructose?

Back 67

Isomerase

Front 68

Why are enzymes used in industry?

Back 68

To bring about reactions at normal temperatures and pressures which would otherwise need more energy which raises costs

Front 69

Where does aerobic respiration take place?

Back 69

Mitochondria in the cytoplasm of cells

Front 70

What is the aerobic respiration word equation?

Back 70

Glucose + Oxygen = Carbon Dioxide + Water + Energy

Front 71

What is the energy released during respiration used for?
Name 4 things

Back 71

Build larger molecules
Allow muscles to contract
Maintain steady body temperature
Build up amino acids from sugars, nitrates and nutrients

Front 72

During exercise, what changes does your body go through?

Back 72

Heart rate increases
Rate and depth of breathing increases
Arteries supplying blood to muscles dilate
Bloodflow to muscles increase
Supply of oxygen and sugar, removal of carbon dioxide increases

Front 73

What do muscles store glucose as?

Back 73

Glycogen

Front 74

What is the anaerobic respiration word equation?

Back 74

Glucose = Energy + Lactic acid

Front 75

Which releases more energy, anaerobic respiration or aerobic respiration?

Back 75

Aerobic respiration
Anaerobic respiration releases less energy because the breakdown of glucose is incomplete

Front 76

What is oxygen debt?

Back 76

It's the oxygen that's needed to oxidise lactic acid into carbon dioxide and water

Front 77

What happens when muscles carry out vigorous activity for a long time?

Back 77

They become fatigued, they stop contracting efficiently and hurt

Front 78

How is lactic acid removed from the muscles?

Back 78

By blood flowing through the muscles