B2

Front 1

Mitochondria - function?

Back 1

Release energy. "powerhouse of the cell"

Front 2

Ribosomes - function

Back 2

Synthesises proteins.

Front 3

Nucleus - function

Back 3

Controls cell activities, contains genetic material.

Front 4

Cytoplasm- function

Back 4

Where most reactions happen, controlled by enzymes.

Front 5

Cell membrane - function

Back 5

Controls the movement of substances into and out of the cell.

Front 6

DNA function (cells)

Back 6

Found in bacteria, contains genetic information.

Front 7

Things that effect diffusion?

Back 7

-Temperature

-Concentration gradient

-Surface area

Front 8

Photosynthesis equation?

Back 8

Carbon dioxide+water=glucose+oxygen.

(6CO2 + 6H20 = C6 H12 O6 +6O2)

Front 9

Diffusion

Back 9

Diffusion is the net movement of particles from an area of high concentration to one of low concentration, down a concentration gradient

It is passive, the particles in liquids have kinetic energy.

Front 10

Palisade cells

Back 10

Mainly found in leaves, the majority of photosynthesis happens here.

They have a large surface area and many tightly packed chloroplasts.

Front 11

Things that increase the rate of photosynthesis.

Back 11

Light intensity

Temperature

Carbon dioxide

Front 12

Uses of glucose

Back 12

Respiration

(Stored as starch and converted back)

Incorporated into proteins for growth and repair

Turned into cellulose for cell walls

Front 13

Glucose composition?

Back 13

Glucose is made up of carbon, hydrogen and oxygen atoms.

Front 14

Starch is comprised of ?

Back 14

Starch is comprised of many glucose molecules linked together in a chain.

Front 15

Function of epidermal tissue?

Back 15

Covers the plant, protecting the underlying cells. Stops the leaves from losing too much water and prevents pathogens from entering the plant

Front 16

Mesophyll

Back 16

Most cells in a leaf are Mesophyll, in which photosynthesis takes place.

Front 17

Methods of sampling?

Back 17

Quadrat -

Square frame

Used to sample an area

Samples chosen at random

Along a transect -

Not random

Tape stretched between two points

Samples take along the line using a quadrat

Shows how the distribution of organisms changes along the line.

Front 18

Enzymes - basic definition

Back 18

Enzymes are biological catalysts

Enzymes are protein molecules and are made up of amino acids.

The enzyme is the "lock and the reactant is the "key"

Front 19

Active site

Back 19

Where substances bind to an enzyme and undergo a chemical reaction

Front 20

Catalyst

Back 20

A substance which changes the rate of a chemical reaction without being changed itself.

Front 21

Temperature at which enzymes work best?

Back 21

Most enzymes in the human body work best at about 37 degrees centigrade.

Over 40 degrees centigrade most enzymes will stop working, the amino acids they are made from start to unravel and the shape of the active site changes. (denaturing)

Front 22

pH and Enzymes?

Back 22

Change in pH alter an enzyme's shape.

The best pH for an enzyme depends on where it normally works. For example:

Intestinal enzymes - 7.5 (Alkaline)

Stomach enzymes - 2 (Acid)

Front 23

Amylase

Back 23

Made in the salivary glands, pancreas and small intestine.

It breaks down starch into sugars.

It works in the mouth and small intestine.

Front 24

Lipase

Back 24

Made in the pancreas and small intestine.

It breaks down lipads (fats and oils) into fatty acids and glycerol .

It works in the small intestine.

Front 25

Bile

Back 25

Produced in the liver, then released into the small intestine.

Bile neutralises the acid that was added to the food in the stomach.

Front 26

Industrial uses of enzymes?

Back 26

Confectionary - Change glucose into fructose, which is sweeter so less is needed and is used in "slimming" foods. (isomerase)

Baby food - Starts off digestion of food (proteases and lipases)

Biological detergent - Breaks down stains (proteases and lipases)

Front 27

Aerobic respiration (with oxygen)

Back 27

Glucose + Oxygen = Carbon dioxide + Water (+ energy)

Front 28

Anaerobic respiration (without oxygen)

Back 28

Glucose = Lactic Acid (+ energy)

Front 29

Exercise

Back 29

During exercise, the muscle cells respire more. this means:

Oxygen + Glucose must be delivered to them more quickly.

Waste carbon dioxide must be removed more quickly.

This is achieved by increasing:

Depth of breathing

Rate of breathing

Heart Rate

Front 30

Genetic information

Back 30

Inside the nucleus of a human are 46 chromosomes (two sets of 23 from each parent)

Chromosomes are made of DNA

A section of DNA is called a gene.

Front 31

Mitosis (ASEXUAL)

Back 31

The genetic material is copied

The cell divides once to form two genetically identical body cells.

Mitosis is used for growth or to replace cells.

ASEXUAL

Front 32

MEIOSIS (SEXUAL)

Back 32

Forms gametes (Sex cells)

The cell divides twice to form four gametes

Each daughter cell contains half of the chromosomes of the original cell.

Front 33

Stem Cells

Back 33

Uspecialised - they can become any type of cell in the human body.

As the cells of an embryo divide by mitosis and the embryo develops, the cells become differentiated.

Front 34

Uses of Stem Cells

Back 34

Stem cells can be used in new treatments for Parkinson's disease and Paralysis.

There are social and ethical issues concerning the use of human embryonic stem cells.

Front 35

Plant cells

Back 35

Most plant cells stay unspecialised. (They can differentiate all through their lives)

Unspecialised cells are made at the stems and roots, where mitosis takes place almost constantly.

Front 36

Plant cloning method?

Back 36

1: Tissue sample scraped from parent plant.

2: Tissue samples placed into agar containing nutrients and auxins.

3: Samples develop into tiny plantlets.

4: Plantlets planted into compost to grow.

Front 37

Alleles

Back 37

Alles are different forms of the same gene (e.g eye colour)

Chromosomes of the same type are the same size and have the same genes in the same order.

Front 38

Determining sex

Back 38

Human body cells have 23 pairs of chromosomes in the nucleus.

One of these pairs controls the inheritance of gender (whether offspring are male or female)

Front 39

Punnet square

Back 39

Shows the possible genotypes produced when two organisms breed.

Front 40

Fossils

Back 40

Fossils are the remains of organisms which died thousands of millions of years ago.

By looking at fossils, we can see that organisms have changed very slowly over time.

Front 41

Fossil Formation

Back 41

Fossils form if an organism does not decay because:

- Little oxygen was present

- Low temperature

Fossils are most commonly found when hard parts of organisms are replaced by minerals after death.

Front 42

Why is the fossil record incomplete?

Back 42

- Early forms of life were soft bodied.

- Fossilisation requires specific conditions.

- Many fossils are destroyed by geological activity.

- Many fossils have not been found.

Front 43

Structure of plant cell

Back 43

Front 44

Similarities between plant/animal cells

Back 44

Front 45

Differences between plant/animal cells

Back 45