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98 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
- 3rd side (hint)
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The circulatory system carries what to where |
Oxygen and glucose to all the body's cells so oxygen can be released |
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Blood pressure is measured in? |
mm Hg (millimetres of mercury) |
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Systolic pressure? |
pressure in your arteries when the heart is contracting (when it's working hard) |
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Diastolic blood pressure |
The pressure in your arteries when the heart is relaxing |
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Factors that can lead to high blood pressure |
Excess weight High stress levels Excess alcohol A diet high in sat fat, sugar or salt Having big thumbs Smoking For details on why each happens check page 4. |
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what does carbon monoxide do? |
It take the place of oxygen in the haemoglobin in the blood so the have haemoglobin can carry less oxygen |
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What's wrong with high blood pressure? |
Blood vessels can weaken and eventually burst. |
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What's wrong with low blood pressure? |
Some parts of the body become deprived of glucose and oxygen as the body doesn't circulate efficiently. This can lead to dizziness, fainting and cold hands/feet. |
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Causes of heart disease |
High blood pressure Smoking Too much salt High fat diet (cholesterol blocking or narrowing arteries) |
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What does being healthy mean |
Free from infection |
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What does being fit mean |
How much physical exercise you are capable of and how quickly you body recovers. if you are fit you could be described as a "fitty" |
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Cardiovascular efficiency? |
How well your heart copes with aerobic exercise and how quickly it recovers. Often used as a measure of general fitness. |
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What's bmi and how is it calculated? |
Body mass index. |
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What are proteins from animal origin called |
First class proteins. They contain all the essential amino acids that cant be made by the body. Plant protein is called second class protein. |
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Whats the deal with protein |
It supply's the nutrients that enable growth and repair. In some developing countries a low protein diet causes kwashiorkor. Protein is only used as an energy source when fats and carbs aren't available. |
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How much protein do I need |
you can calculate it using this formula. Your EAR is the things on your head and the estimated daily average daily requirement for someone of a certain body mass. Things like age and lactation (being milked) can change it too. |
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Causes of non infectious diseases |
Poor diet Organ malfunction Genetic inheritance Cells mutate and become cancerous |
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How does cancer happen |
Cells mutate and then cancerous cells divide. Forming lumps of cells called tumours. |
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Types of tumours |
Benign - grows in one place Malignant - cells break off and tumours start to grow in other parts of the body |
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4 types of pathogen pls |
Fungi, viruses, bacteria, protozoa |
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How is malaria spread and what are vectors. |
cant be bothered to write this one out . |
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Preventing malaria |
Mosquito nets Insect repellent Killing em with insecticide |
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We have 4 defences against annoying pathogens. These are.. |
Skin (barrier) Blood clots in wounds (blocks them getting into the blood stream) Respiratory system is lined with fells that produce mucus that traps microorganisms The stomach produced hydrochloric acid which wills microorganisms in our food |
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What happens when pathogens enter the body |
White blood cells fight them |
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Another way white blood cells kill pathogens? |
White blood cells make antibodies that fit the specific antigen on the pathogen. The antibodies lock onto the antigens, killing the pathogen. |
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One way of how white blood cells fight pathogens |
They engulf and digest the pathogens |
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What is immunisation |
You are injected with a weakened or dead strain of the pathogen which can't multiply. This triggers your white blood cells to start making correct antibodies. Memory cells are produced and which means if it is detected again they will be produced very fast. |
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Advantages of immunity |
It protects you against diseases. If everyone is vaccinated then the disease can't spread and will eventually die out |
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Risk of immunity |
Some people have bad reactions to a vaccine None are 100% safe |
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What is active immunity? |
When your white blood cells store antibodies for pathogens that have been there before. This means they will fight them off quicker if you are infected again so you have future protection. |
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Passive immunity |
When you inject antibodies straight into someone body. This is when someone is weak and you need a quick response. Eg. Snake venom. |
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which immunity results in long term protection |
Only active |
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Name the type of bacteria that is resistant to Antonio |
MRSA |
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Ways of testing new drugs |
Animals, human tissue, computer and human volunteers. |
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Differences between a blind and a double blind trial |
In a double blind trial the doctors or volunteers don't know which I'll has been given |
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why do they do blind trials |
It eliminates psychological factors |
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3 types of neurons |
Sensory, relay, motor |
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Sensory neurones job? |
Carry nerve impulses from the receptors to your brain |
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Relay neurone job |
Make connections between the brain and the spinal chord |
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Motor neurone job |
Carry nerve impulses from the receptors to your muscles/glands |
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How are neurons adapted to be good at their jobs |
Long shape to make connections, insulating sheath to speed up the nerve impulses and dendrites ( branched endings) to allow a single neurone to act on many muscule fibres |
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How does the synapse work |
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what is a reflex action |
A reaction that bypasses the brain to give u a fast automatic response to keep your body from harm. Eg. Moving your hand when something hot |
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What does the iris do |
Control the amount of light entering the eye |
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What are the light refracted by |
Cornea |
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That focuses the light? |
Lens |
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Name the things that attach the lens to the Hilary muscles |
Suspensory ligaments |
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What happens when the light rays come from a close object |
Ciliary muscles contract Suspensory ligaments relax Lens is short and fat to refract alot of light |
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What happens when the light rays come from afar object |
Ciliary muscles relax Suspensory ligaments contract Lens is t long and thin as light doesn't need to be refracted much |
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What is binocular vision |
The eyes are at the front and you can't see sides well but can judge distance and speed. Found on predetors |
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What's monocular vision |
Eyed are at the side so you have a wide field of view (behind and infront) can't judge speed or distance because no overlap of fields of view. Found on prey. |
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5 types of drugs |
Stimulants, depressants, pain killers, performance enhancing drugs, hallucinogens |
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How do pain killers work |
Block nerve impulses |
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How do stimulates work |
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How do depressants work |
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Short terms effects of alcohol |
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Long term effects of alcohol |
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how does alcolhol have cause liver damage |
Alcolhol is broken down by enzymes in the liver. The products of the breakdown are toxic and cause liver damage. |
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What part of cigarette smoke is carcinogenic? |
Tar |
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damage to the cilia from smoking prevents them from being able to waft the mucus up from the lungs.this causes what? |
Smokers cough |
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What is homeostasis? |
Body controlling the internal environment naturally |
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What temperature do enzymes work best at? |
37°C |
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what is vasodilation |
When the blood vessels widen and flow closer to the skin |
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Why does vasodilation happen |
Body temp becomes to high. it means that heat can be transferred to the environment by radiation. |
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What is vasoconstriction |
Narrowing of blood vessels. |
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Why does vasoconstriction happen |
Body temperature is too low. It means that the blood is flowing further away from the skin so less heat is lost |
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What is shivering |
Tiny contractions of muscles. These need energy from respiration which produces heat aswell |
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Where is the most accurate place to get a temperature reading |
Bum |
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Negative feedback is? |
The automatic reversal of a change in the body. Done by the brain |
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Why do we sweat |
The evaporation of sweat means heat energy is lost from the skin |
Think miss Mackie |
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What's a hormone |
Chemical messages released by glands directly into the blood traveling to their target organs |
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What does insulin do |
Control blood sugar levels |
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Where is insulin released |
Pancreas |
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How does insulin work |
It converts excess glucose into glycogen in the liver |
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Which type of diabetes means you can't produce insulin |
Type I |
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Whats is type 2 diabetes |
The problem is with the cells that response to insulin. They become desensitised to insulin and don't respond to it. Injecting insulin doesn't help |
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What does a prick test show |
Blood sugar levels |
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Of you have jist had high sugar food how much insulin do you need |
More because you need more insulin to reduce the blood sugar level |
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If you are about to do exercise how much insulin do you need |
Less because you will use up alot of auger for energy |
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Roots grow |
Away from light In the direction of gravity (downwards) |
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Shoots grow |
Towards light Against gravity |
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Why do roots grow down |
To absorb water and provide support for the plant |
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What are auxins |
Plant hormones made in the shoot tip |
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What do auxins respond to |
Gravity and light |
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What happens when light shines on a shoot |
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What are some commercial uses of plant hormones |
Rooting powder Fruit ripening hormone Control of dormancy Selective weed killers |
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How many chromosomes do we have in a normal cell |
46 |
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What is a gametes |
Sex cell (egg or sperm) |
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How many chromosomes do gametes have |
23 |
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what does the dominant do |
Control the development of a characteristic even if they are the only in a pair |
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when do recessive alleles determine a characteristic |
If there is no dominant alleles |
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What does homozygous mean |
Both chromosomes in a pair contain the same allele of a gene |
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What does heterozygous mean |
The chromosomes in a pair contain the different alleles of a gene |
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How are dominant genes shown in genetic diagrams |
Capitalised |
DIFFICULT ONE |
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what's a phenotype/genotype |
Phenotype = written characteristic (brown eyes) Genotype = the letter that describe the genetic make up (BB) |
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How is gender inherited? Why is there an even chance. |
Egg cells contain X chromosomes Half of sperm cells have X and half have Y. For a girl you need XX and a boy you need XY. |
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Explain how are inherited disorders appear in children of healthy parents |
When both parents carry the gene but the faulty alleles are recessive so show nothing in the parents. |
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If two parents both are carriers of a recessive faulty gene. What is the chance the child will have the disorder? Why? |
1 in 4 |
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