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47 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
7 components of a healthy diet |
Carbs, proteins, fats, fibre, water, minerals, vitamins |
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Methods of infection |
Direct: kissing, touching
Indirect: air, water, animals, mosquitos |
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Differences between bacteria and viruses? |
Bacteria release toxins, viruses damage cells Viruses are smaller, can only reproduce inside host cells |
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Issues of being overweight |
Diabetes and heart disease |
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What are LDLs? |
Low density lipoproteins which carry cholesterol from liver to cells |
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What does it mean to be malnourished? |
When someone's diet doesn't consist of the right amount of nutrients
Affects underweight and overweight people |
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Issues of being underweight |
Fragile bones, weaker immune system, inhibited growth and development, anemia and fertility issues |
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What are HDLs? |
High density lipoproteins which carry excess cholesterol back to the liver |
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Are LDLs good or bad? |
Bad |
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Are HDLs good or bad? |
Good |
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What do mono and poly unsaturated fats (found in vegetable oils) do to cholesterol and the proportion of HDLs to LDLs? |
They reduce cholesterol levels in blood and increase proportion of HDLs to LDLs |
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What are some natural barriers in our body? |
Acid in stomach kills microbes, skin stops them getting into body, scabs, mucus in lungs trap microbes and cilia sweep it out of lungs
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What do antibiotics do? |
Treat infection but can't treat viruses, they destroy the structure of a cell wall/block cell's ability to grow or reproduce |
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Five sense organs? |
Nose, tongue, skin, ears and eyes |
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What happens from stimulus to response? |
Stimulus > receptor > sensory neurone > central nervous system > motor neurone > effector > response |
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What's geotropism? |
Growth in response to direction of gravity |
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Where's FSH produced? |
Pituitary glands |
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What does FSH do? |
Causes egg to mature and stimulates ovaries to produce oestrogen |
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Where's oestrogen produced?
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Ovaries |
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What does oestrogen do? |
Causes release of LH and stops release of FSH |
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Where is LH produced? |
Pituitary gland |
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What does LH do? |
Stimulates release of egg |
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Where is progesterone produced? |
Ovaries |
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What does progesterone do? |
Maintains lining of uterus |
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How/where is body temperature controlled? |
Brain |
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How is blood sugar controlled? |
Insulin |
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Where are water and ions controlled? |
Kidneys |
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What happens at a synapse? |
Impulse reaches it, chemicals diffuse across the gap which carry the impulse |
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What are the issues with thalidomide? |
Intended as a sleeping pill, later found to relieve symptoms of morning sickness but as not tested for this no-one realised it caused abnormal limb development |
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What's a double blind trial? |
Where both patient and doctor don't know is drug is placebo or real until all results are gathered |
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What's advantage of double blind trial |
Doctors aren't influenced by their knowledge |
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One way desert animals are adapted? |
Large surface area compared to volume |
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One way arctic animals are adapted? |
Small surface area compared to volume |
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What do plants compete for? |
Light, space, water, minerals/nutrients from water |
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What do animals compete for? |
Territory/space, food, water, mates |
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What conditions are needed for decay? |
Damp/moist, warm, oxygen (plenty available) |
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Define inheritance |
Characteristics passed on from one generation to another |
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Define genes |
Section of DNA that codes for specific protein, can be copied and passed onto next generation |
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Define chromosomes |
Long threads of DNA, made up of many different genes, found in cells nucleus |
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Define DNA |
Carry genetic code that determines characteristics of an organism |
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Define sexual reproduction |
Fusion of male and female gametes, 2 parents, mixture of genes |
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Define asexual reproduction |
One parent, no fusion of gametes, no mixing of chromosomes so no genetic variation (clones) |
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What happens in embryonic cloning? |
Sperm and egg calls taken, artificially fertilised, split before any specialised cells develop and then placed inside adult female |
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What happens in adult cell cloning?
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Unfertilised egg taken, removing genetic material, replaced with complete set of chromosomes from adult body cell, stimulated by electric shock so it divides then implanted into adult female |
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Theory of evolution? |
That life on earth began as simple organisms from which all complex organisms evolved from |
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Lamark's theory? |
If characteristic was used lots by organism it would become more developed during lifetime and then passed on |
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Darwin's theory? |
(Natural selection), individuals with characteristics which are better adapted to environment = better chance of survival and breeding so useful genes passed on, others die off |