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341 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Article 2 states: "Each state retains its sovereignty, freedom, and independence, and every power, jurisdiction, and right, which is not by this Confederation expressly delegated to the United States, in Congress assembled." What does this mean in practice?
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States retain nearly all government powers except those specifically given to the Congress.
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Name the purposes of the National government as outlined in Article 3 in the Articles of Confederation?
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Secure liberties, common defense, mutual welfare
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How many votes in Congress did each state get? (The Articles of Confederation)
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1
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Which of the following government roles were created by the Articles of Confederation?
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Congress
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Name to be United States of America.
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Article 1; Articles of Confederation
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States retain all rights not expressly delegated.
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Article 2: Articles of Confederation
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States enter into league of friendship and mutual defense.
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Article 3: Articles of Confederation
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Citizens of any State have same rights as residents of any State. Extradition allowed. Each State shall recognize court proceedings of other States.
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Article 4: Articles of Confederation
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Authorizes Congress. Delegates picked by State Legislature for one year and may be replaced at will. Two to seven members per State ÐÐ one vote per State. Rotation in office (no more than three years of six). Delegates may not hold other paid U.S. offices. Each State maintains its own delegates. Freedom of speech and debate in Congress -- delegates cannot be arrested.
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Article 5: Articles of Confederation
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States may not enter into separate treaties with other nations or each other. No State may levy duties that interfere with U.S. treaties. No warships or standing armies may be kept by any State unless authorized by Congress. Each state shall keep a militia and keep arms and provisions for it. No State shall engage in war unless attacked, authorized by Congress, or threatened by Indians.
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Article 6: Articles of Confederation
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Each State can appoint officers (through colonel) for land forces raised by the State.
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Article 7: Articles of Confederation
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All costs of war and all other expenses, shall be defrayed out of a common treasury. Each State shall contribute to the treasury in proportion to real estate value of each State. Taxes will be levied by the State Legislatures.
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Article 8 - Articles of Confederation
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Congress shall have rights to: determine war and peace, foreign affairs (but may not exempt foreigners from taxes levied by States against their citizens), grant letters of marque and reprisal, establish courts for trial of piracy, shall be the court of last appeal in boundary disputes between states, fix the standards for coinage (no provision for paper money), fix standards of weights and measures, regulate affairs of Indians (but States' rights may not be infringed), establish an interstate Post Office, appoint officers above colonel in the ground forces, appoint all naval officers, make rules for the military and direct their operations, appoint a "Committee of the States" to run the country when Congress is not in session. Most of the important actions, including borrowing money, require nine (of the thirteen) States to agree. The Committee of the States has many warmaking and executive powers.
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Article 9 - Articles of Confederation
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The Committee of the States has powers delegated to them by the nine States in Congress but cannot do anything that requires nine states.
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Article 10 - Articles of Confederation
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Canada can join the Confederation. Other new States require the approval of nine States.
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Article 11 - Articles of Confederation
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All debt contracted by Congress before the assembly of the U.S. is accepted.
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Article 12: Articles of Confederation
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Every State shall abide by the determinations of the Congress. The Union shall be perpetual. Any alteration requires the approval of Congress and of every State Legislature. The Articles become effective when approved by the State Legislatures and ratified by their delegates in Congress.
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Article 13: Articles of Confederation
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Name the problems that developed after the Articles were ratified?
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* Currency problems - all states printed their own money, so money was almost worthless
* Intrastate Commerce - Trade between the states was limited because states imposed tarriffs on all imports from other states. * Foreign Trade - Other countries placed tariffs and trade restrictions on US goods; the US was not able to reciprocate. * Foreign Affairs - The inability of the national government to raise an army left the US vulnerable. |
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What were the weakness of the Articles of Confederation?
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* no national executive
* no national court system * national government could not collect taxes * national government could not raise an army * national government could not regulate trade |
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Name 4 government features under the Articles of Confederation.
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1. unicameral legislature
2. one vote per state 3. unanimous vote needed to amend articles 4. 2/3 majority needed to pass legislation |
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Whose interpretation of the rights enumerated in the Magna Carta played a significant role in the ideology of the American colonists?
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Edward Coke
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What was John Locke's probable opinion of the Declaration of Independence?
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John Locke would have likely supported the Declaration of Independence because the English government had violated it's contract with the colonists.
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Colonists used the Magna Carta to justify their _________________.
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opposition to new taxes
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True or False
The Declaration of Independence includes ideas and principles found in John Locke's Second Treatise and details the ways in which the British government had violated principles found in the Magna Carta. |
True
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Locke's Second Treatise argues that the best defense against rebellion is
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the ability to install a new legislation.
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According to Locke, people submit themselves to the _____________.
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legislators
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What is the Magna Carta?
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A statement of rights and privileges for British noblemen.
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According to Locke, when the government tramples over the lives, liberties, and estates of the people, the people have a right to _____________.
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rebel
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True or False
A fundamental argument of Locke's Second Treatise is that people are not equal and invested with natural rights in a state of nature in which they live free from outside rule. |
False
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Who was the elected president of the Constitutional Convention?
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George Washington
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A compromise between Southern and Northern states reached during the Philadelphia Convention of 1787 in which three-fifths of the population of slaves would be counted for enumeration purposes regarding both the distribution of taxes and the apportionment of the members of the United States House of Representatives. It was proposed by delegates James Wilson and Roger Sherman.
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3/5 Compromise
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The Three-Fifths compromise was proposed in order to
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encourage southern states to support the new Constitution.
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Which of the following individuals was instrumental in drafting the Constitution?
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James Madison
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What compromise set the number of representatives in the House proportional to population, while the number of Senators was set at 2 per state.
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Great Compromise
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The Three-Fifths compromise ultimately determined that
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when determining population, slaves would be counted in a ratio of 3 slaves for every 5 free men.
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Locke's Second Treatise argues that the best defense against rebellion is
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to hold elections every year.
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According to Article 4 in the Articles of Confederation, the states are not permitted to
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engage in foreign trade
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Article Thirteen explains the process for
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amending the articles.
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Those who supported a strong federal government
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Federalists
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Those who opposed a federal system
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Anti-Federalists
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How many state conventions were needed to ratify the Constitution?
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Nine
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They believed that each state should have a sovereign, independent government.
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Anti-Federalists
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Name 3 anti-federalists
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Patrick Henry
George Mason Edmund Randolph |
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Name 4 Federalists
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James Madison
George Washington Alexander Hamilton Benjamin Franklin |
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What was the date the Constitution was signed at the Continental Convention?
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September 17, 1787
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What was the 13 state to ratify the Constitution and what was the date it ratified?
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Rhode Island
May 29, 1790 |
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Name some arguments the Anti-Federalists had against the Constitution.
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* Give the country a new and untested government.
* Stressed local rule and associated centralized power with a tyrannical monarch * criticized lack of Bill of Rights * the constitution would put an end to all forms of self-rule in the states |
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Name some arguments that the Federalists had for the Constitution.
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* inadequacies of national government under the Articles of Confederation and on the benefits of national government as formed by the Constitution
* strong central government would foster the commercial growth of the new country. * benefits of a union between states * the importance of an energetic, effective federal government * a defense of the republicanism of the proposed Constitution * asserts that a weak union of the states will make the country more vulnerable to internal and external dissension, including civil war and invasion from foreign powers. |
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The most famous example of Federalist doctrine is ____________________, a collection of 85 essays by Alexander Hamilton, James Madison, and JOHN JAY.
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The Federalists Papers
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a number of citizens, whether amounting to a majority or minority of the whole, who are united and actuated by some common impulse of passion, or of interest, adverse to the rights of other citizens, or to the permanent and aggregate interests of the community.
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Faction
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In what argument did Madison contend that a republican government of the kind envisioned by the U.S. Constitution can best solve the problem of faction not by "removing its causes"—which only tyranny can do—but by "controlling its effects."
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The Federalist Number 10
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By 1791, in response to Anti-Federalist sentiments, state legislatures voted to add the first ten amendments to the Constitution. Those ten amendments are also called
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The Bill of Rights
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Who felt that democratic principles were best applied in an agrarian society?
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Thomas Jefferson
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In Federalist No. 10, which term does James Madison use to describe a number of citizens united by a common passion or interest?
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Faction
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What, according to Federalist No. 10, is the most common source of faction?
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The unequal distribution of property
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Which form of government does Madison say offers the BEST solution to control factions?
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a large republic
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The Federal Farmer letters written by Anti-federalists concede that ___________________ and ____________________.
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The federal system is defective AND some of the state governments are poorly administered.
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According to the Federal Farmer letters, who would suffer under the new Constitution?
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the remote states
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The Federal Farmer proposes that _________ be added to the Constitution
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A Federal Bill of Rights
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The Anti-Federalists achieved a victory when
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a Bill of Rights was added to the Constitution
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The Federal Farmer asserts that the laws of free government rest on the confidence of
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the people.
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What were the main goals and purposes of the Preamble?
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1. Form a more perfect union (the Articles of Confederation did not work - basically to form a strong central government)
2. Establish Justice 3. Insure Domestic Tranquility 4. Provide for Common Defense 5. Promote General Welfare 6. Secure the Blessings of Liberty |
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The principle that states that the people- not the King, the legislators, nor the courts-are the true rulers in American government?
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Popular sovereignity
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Who was the Constitution's chief draftsman?
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Gouverneur Morris
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Who was the Constitution's chief architect?
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James Madison
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Which of the 13 states was not present at the Constitutional Convention?
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Rhode Island
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What does “preamble” mean?
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statement of purpose
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Which of the following statements is true of the Preamble to the Constitution?
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The heading "The Preamble" does not appear in the Constitution.
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What does the phrase “in order to form a more perfect Union” refer to?
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the Convention’s goal to improve upon the Articles of Confederation
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According to the Preamble, who “ordained and established” the Constitution?
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the people of the United States
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What is the duty of the legislative branch?
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To make the laws
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What is the longest part of the Constitution?
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Article 1
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Name 5 federal powers stated in Article 1.
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1. collect taxes
2. borrow money 3. declare war 4. regulate commerce 5. establish post offices |
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What were the 2 compromises that came about in Article 1?
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1. equal representation in the Senate for each state
2. 3/5 compromise |
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the constitutional doctrine of dividing governmental power among the legislative, executive, and judicial branches
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Separation of powers
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the constitutional doctrine in which each branch of government shares some of the powers of the other branches in order to limit their actions
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checks and balances
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The framers of the Constitution designed ______________ to be the closest to the people.
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House of Representatives
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Who could vote in most states at the time of the Constitution's ratification?
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White men who owned land
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What are the basic requirements to be a member of the House of Representatives?
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Minimum age of 25
7 years of US citizenship Residence in the state in which they were elected |
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True or False
There is a term limit on being a member of Congress. |
False - The Constitution puts no specific limit on the number of terms a member of Congress may serve, either in the House or the Senate.
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The Constitution requires that a census of the general population has to be taken every ___________ years.
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10
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the process by which Congress allocates the number of representatives for each state, based on changes in the census
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reapportionment
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the process by which each state draws the boundaries of its congressional districts, according to the number of representatives allocated by Congress
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redistricting
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Who is the highest officer in the legislative branch?
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Speaker of the House of Representatives
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Who is next in line to become president of the United States after the Vice President?
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Speaker of the House of Representatives
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Who chooses the Speaker of the House?
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The majority vote in the House of Representatives
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What is the process by which a civil officer of the United States is charged with wrongdoing
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Impeachment
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Who has the sole power of impeachment?
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House of Representatives
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The Constitution rotates the terms of office for senators so that the entire Senate is not up for reelection at the same time. Therefore, no more than________of the Senate is being elected every two years.
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1/3
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What requirements must you meet to become a US senator?
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Thirty years of age
US citizen for 9 years Resident from the state in which elected |
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Who is the president of the Senate?
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Vice President of the US
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Once the House has impeached an official whose job is it to try that individual?
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The Senate determines guilt or innocence with a 2/3 majority vote. If found guilty, the official is immediately removed from office.
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Congress must meet at least _____ per year.
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Once
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the number of members in a group required to be present to carry out official business
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quorum
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unlimited and often irrelevant debate on a bill designed to prevent a vote on its passage
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Fillibuster
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a procedural motion to end debate on a bill
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cloture
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A member of Congress can not be impeached, so how can they be removed from office?
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Expulsion - 2/3 vote majority
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Who are members of Congress paid by?
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US Government
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a joint committee of both houses of Congress that proposes compromise legislation when there are disagreements on bills
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conference committee
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the president’s power to reject a bill passed by Congress
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veto
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How can Congress override the president's veto?
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2/3 votes for both the House of Representatives and the Senate
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the power of the president to prevent passage of a bill by refusing to sign it during an adjournment of Congress
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Pocket veto
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the power to reject specific provisions in a law without defeating the entire bill
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Line item veto
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the practice by which Congress voids actions of executive branch agencies or officials
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legislative veto
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the powers of the national government specifically listed in the Constitution
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enumerated powers
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those powers not specifically listed in the Constitution that can be inferred from the enumerated powers
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implied powers
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those powers that belong to the government of a sovereign state
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inherent powers
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taxes on imports
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duties
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taxes on imports or general taxes
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imposts
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taxes on domestic consumption of goods and services
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excises
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a court order directing that an officer who has custody of a prisoner show cause why the prisoner is being held
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habeas corpus
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a legislative act that punishes a person without a trial
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bill of attainder
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those that criminalize actions after the fact
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ex post facto laws
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most commonly, taxes based on the value of land, as opposed to those based on privileges or uses
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direct taxes
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According to Article 1, individual states may not
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grant titles of Nobility
enter into treaties with foreign nations. levy duties on imports or exports. |
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Article 2 involves what branch of government and what does the branch do?
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Executive branch - enforces the law
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doctrine that the president does not have to share certain information with Congress or the judiciary
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executive priviledge
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Requirements to run for president
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natural born citizen
At least 35 years of age Lived in US for 14 years |
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Roles of the president
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Commander in Chief
To pardon federal criminal offenses Negotiate treaties with foreign countries Make judicial nominations Give state of the union addresses Meet and address foreign leaders |
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the president’s selected advisors, usually consisting of the heads of the executive departments
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cabinet
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a large and complex administrative organization
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bureaucracy
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the constitutional power of the Senate to approve treaties and presidential appointments
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advice and consent
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What is the duty of the judicial branch?
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Interpret the laws
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the power of the courts to declare a law or an act of the executive unconstitutional
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judicial review
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philosophy under which judges avoid overturning statutes and precedents
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judicial restraint
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philosophy under which judges do not avoid overturning statutes and precedents
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judicial activism
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policy of construing the Constitution’s text narrowly to limit government power
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strict construction
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policy of construing the Constitution’s text broadly to allow flexible government power
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loose construction
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the legal authority of a court to hear and decide a case
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jurisdiction
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determinations by the Supreme Court whether future actions of the president or Congress would be constitutional
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advisory opinions
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cases that a court can hear directly, rather than through appeals
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original jurisdiction
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cases based on appeals from lower courts
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appellate jurisdiction
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an order issued by the U.S. Supreme Court that directs a lower court to transmit records for a case that it will hear on appeal
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writ of certiorari
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the forfeiture of rights and property by a person convicted of treason
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attainder
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revoking the inheritance of the descendants of a treasonous person
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corruption of blood
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Which article governs the relationship between states?
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Article 4
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What is the Full Faith and and Credit clause in Article 4?
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requires states to respect one another’s civil laws, records, and court rulings. It also allows Congress to establish standards to validate such official acts, as well as regulate “the effect thereof.”
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This section of Article IV, known as the Privileges and Immunities Clause=describe it.
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prohibits states from discriminating against citizens of other states without justification
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the surrender by one state to another of a person accused or convicted of a crime in the other state
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extradiction
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it says that the United States will ensure that every state has a “republican form of government.”
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This provision in Article IV is known as the Guarantee Clause
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Article V is the process of
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amending the Constitution
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approval of the U.S. Constitution or its amendments by state conventions or legislatures
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ratification
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Article VI says
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the Constitution and laws of the United States are “the supreme law of the land.”
Federal trumps state power |
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a political system in which power is shared between the national and state governments
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Federalism
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Article VII states that
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you need 9 of 13 states to ratify the US Constitution
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According to Articles 2 and 3, the President ______________________ but Congress _________________.
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is the Commander in Chief of the military; may declare war
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Name the 2 ways to ratify an amendments
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Two-thirds of the states must vote to ratify an amendment and then Congress must hold a Constitutional Convention to approve the amendment or two-thirds of the representatives in the House of Representatives may vote to amend the constitution, without the states’ consent.
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The 1st 10 amendments of the constitution are called
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The Bill of Rights
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When were the Bill of Rights ratified?
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December 15, 1791
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How many amendments are there?
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27
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The rights protected in the First Amendments
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Freedom of religion, press, assembly, speech, and petition
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the requirement that government or its agents must be involved in order for the Constitution or the Bill of Rights to apply
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state action
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process by which the Supreme Court applied the Bill of Rights to the states via the Fourteenth Amendment
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incorporation
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prohibits the government from creating an official or established church, preferring one religion over another, or benefiting believers instead of nonbelievers.
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Establishment Clause
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prohibits the government from interfering with the expression of religious beliefs.
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Free Exercise Clause
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the act of inciting people to change the government
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sedition
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speech that involves only spoken words, without actions
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pure speech
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speech that combines spoken words with action, such as demonstrations and picketing
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speech plus
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actions that are themselves a message, without spoken words; also known as “expressive conduct”
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symbolic speech
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a place such as a public park or street that is normally open to First Amendment activities
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public forums
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speech or action that portrays sex or nudity contrary to societal standards of decency
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obscenity
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hurting a person’s reputation by spreading falsehoods
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defamation
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defamation using spoken words
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slander
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defamation using written words
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libel
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abusive and insulting comments delivered face-to-face to a specific individual
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fighting words
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government control of free expression
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censorship
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printing criticism of the government
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seditious libel
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censoring a work before it is published
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prior restraint
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knowledge that a statement is false or reckless disregard of whether it is false
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actual malice
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ability of a hostile bystander to end a peaceful assembly
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heckler's veto
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Amendment 2 states
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the right to bear arms
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part-time citizen soldiers who defend their communities in emergencies
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militia
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a permanent army of professional soldiers
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standing army
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Amendment 3 states
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you should not have to quarter soldiers in time of peace, they can in wartime however must but pay the owner
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Amendment 4 protects against
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unreasonable search and seizure
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orders allowing government agents to search anywhere and anyone they wanted
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general warrants
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a type of general warrant used by British customs officials to search colonial homes and businesses for smuggled goods on which import taxes had not been paid
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wit of assistance
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court orders allowing certain actions, such as arrests or searches
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warrants
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a reasonable belief that a particular person has committed a particular crime
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probable cause
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legal doctrine that excludes from a trial any evidence seized illegally by police
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exclusionary rule
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Amendment 5 states what
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freedom from self incrimination
Other rights in the Fifth Amendment include the right to have serious criminal charges screened by a grand jury; to avoid being tried twice for the same offense; to have due process of law; and to receive just compensation when private property is taken for public use. |
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a large jury, normally of twenty-three citizens, that determines if there is enough evidence to charge a defendant with a crime
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grand jury
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a trial jury, usually of six to twelve citizens, that decides the facts in a civil or criminal case
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petit jury
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formal criminal charge issued by a grand jury when a prosecutor has enough evidence for trial
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indictment
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formal criminal charge issued by a grand jury independent of a prosecutor
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presentment
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a sworn statement by a prosecutor that he has enough evidence for a trial
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information
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trying a defendant more than once for the same offense
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double jeopardy
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compelling a defendant to testify against himself
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self-incrimination
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questioning accused persons under oath to determine their guilt
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inquisition
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forcing the government to prove its case through evidence
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accusation
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the government’s power to take private property for public use
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eminent domain
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The amendment repeats Article III’s guarantee of a trial by jury in criminal cases, but it adds other important rights as well—such as the right to subpoena witnesses and to have a lawyer.
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Amendment 6
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the location of a trial
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venue
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isolating the jury from the community and the news media during a trial
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sequestering
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process in which the defendant pleads guilty to criminal charges in exchange for a reduced sentence
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plea bargains
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questioning potential jurors to reveal their biases and knowledge of the case
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voir dire
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excluding a potential juror without cause
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peremptory challenge
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a court hearing where the defendant pleads guilt or innocence
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arraignment
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a serious crime with a sentence of more than a year in prison
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felony
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a minor offense with a sentence of a brief jail term or a small fine.
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misdemeanor
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This provision, known as the _________ , prevents a witness from testifying in secret against the accused.
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Confrontation Clause
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the process of asking questions to challenge a witness’s testimony
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cross-examination
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testimony about the statement of a third party, rather than something directly observed
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hearsay
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a court order forcing a witness to testify or produce relevant evidence
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subpeona
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7th Amendment states
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trial by jury in civil cases
also limits a judge’s power to overturn factual decisions by a jury |
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those lawsuits deciding disputes between private parties over noncriminal matters, such as personal injuries or contracts
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civil cases
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those in which the government punishes individuals for committing crimes
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criminal cases
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Amendment 8 protects against
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excessive fines and punishment
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money or property posted as security to obtain release from jail pending trial
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bail
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factors that increase the severity of a crime
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Aggravating circumstances
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factors that decrease the severity of a crime
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mitigating circumstance
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legal doctrine by which accomplices are convicted of murder—even if another person actually killed the victim—when it was committed as part of a felony such as kidnapping or robbery
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felony-murder rule
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Amendment 9 states
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enumerated rights of the people
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those rights not specifically listed in the Constitution
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enumerated rights
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Tenth Amendments protects
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powers of the state
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doctrine that states can declare an act of the federal government to be null and void; also known as interposition
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nullification
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What amendment protects the states against lawsuits in federal courts by citizens of other states or a foreign nation?
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Eleven
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doctrine that a sovereign government cannot be sued without its consent
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sovereign immunity
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What Amendment changed the way the president and vice president were chosen under Article II?
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Twelve
Putting presidential and vice presidential nominees on different ballots |
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Amendment 13 is
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abolishment of slavery
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14 Amendment establishes
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former slaves were granted citizenship and promised “equal protection of the laws.”
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program in which employers take positive steps to offer training and jobs to groups that have suffered discrimination in the past
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affirmative action
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What amendment defined citizenship for the first time?
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14 Amendment
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Which amendment has the due process clause for states?
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14 Amendment
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process by which the Supreme Court has applied the Bill of Rights to the states through the Fourteenth Amendment
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incorporation
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doctrine that the content of a law must be fair, not just its procedures
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substantive due process
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the process of extending certain “fundamental” rights in the Bill of Rights to the states
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selective incorporation
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this provision in the Fourteenth Amendment contains the first use in the Constitution of the word “equal” regarding the rights of individuals. Prohibits discrimination.
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Equal Protection Clause
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a system of segregation imposed by laws named after a minstrel show character
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Jim Crow laws
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What amendment specifically gives the right to vote to males?
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14 Amendment
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What amendment says that the right to vote can not be denied on account of race, color, or previous condition of servitude?
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15 Amendment
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What amendment made legal income tax?
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16 Amendment
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Which amendment makes possible Senators being elected by the people?
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17 Amendment
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Which amendment prohibited alcohol?
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18 Amendment
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Which amendment gave women the right to vote?
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19 Amendment
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incumbents who have not been reelected to office
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lame ducks
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What amendment reduced the time of lame ducks, moved the election date, and specifies who should be president if the president elect dies or has not been chosen by the date of inauguration?
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20 Amendment
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What amendment repealed the 18 amendment that prohibited alcohol?
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21 Amendment
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What amendment set a 2 term/10 year maximum for presidency?
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22 Amendment
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What amendment gave residence of DC the right to vote for president?
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23 Amendment
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What amendment outlaws poll taxes in elections?
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24 Amendment
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head taxes that can be used in a discriminatory way to prevent participation in voting
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poll taxes
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What amendment lays out the succession of the presidency?
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Amendment 25
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What amendment lowered the voting age to 18?
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Amendment 26
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Which amendment prohibits congress from voting themselves a raise?
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Amendment 27
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What amendment states freedom of speech, freedom of the press, freedom of religion, freedom to peaceably assemble and right to petition the government for redress of grievances
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Amendment 1
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The “Right to Bear Arms” is established in which amendment?
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Amendment 2
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Which 2 amendments address the issue of Prohibition?
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Amendment 18 and 21
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What amendment allows states to deny former supporters of the Confederacy the right to vote or hold public office.
B. details consequences if states deny male citizens over the age of 21 the right to vote. C. guarantees that any person born in the United States is a citizen. |
Amendment 14
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True or False
The rights are limited; in certain circumstances the government can restrict or limit (but not suspend) the rights. |
True
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Which of the following rights are not guaranteed by the 5th Amendment?
* A. The right to “due process of law” * B. The right to represent oneself in a court of law * C. Protection of property from government seizure without appropriate compensation. * D. The right to be tried only one time for a specific crime |
B
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The period of time 1789 to 1901
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Dual Federalism
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The period of time 1901 to 1960
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Cooperative Federalism
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The period of time 1960 to 1968
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Creative Federalism
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The period of time 1968 to Present
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Contemporary Federalism
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What are the three essential features that characterize a federal system of governance?
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First, there must be a provision for more than one level of government to act simultaneously on the same territory and on the same citizens.
Second, each government must have its own authority and sphere of power, though they may overlap. Third, neither level of government (federal or state governments) can abolish the other. |
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During this period, the former colonists successfully fought the War of Independence and established a national government under the Articles of Confederation.
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PRE-FEDERALISM PERIOD: 1775 TO 1789
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a series of 85 essays by James Madison, John Jay, and Alexander Hamilton writing under the pen name Publius
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The Federalists
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held that any state could suspend within its boundaries the operation or implementation of any federal law it deemed to be unconstitutional.
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Doctrine of Nullification
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To a greater extent than on the federal or state level, __________ directly serves the needs of the people, providing everything from police and fire protection to sanitary codes, health regulations, education, public transportation, and housing.
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the city
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Name the three general types of city government
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the mayor-council, the commission, and the city manager.
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What governing body is created by charters issued by the state government.
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city government
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Which of the following court cases demonstrates the ability of the federal government to become involved in state government affairs?
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Baker vs. Carr
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What court case primarily dealt with the Supremacy clause?
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McCulloch v. Maryland
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What case addressed the issue of the scope of Congress' authority under the commerce clause?
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Gibbons v. Ogden
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The president can issue rules, regulations, and instructions. These are called
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executive orders
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Who nominates – and the Senate confirms – the heads of all executive departments and agencies, together with hundreds of other high-ranking federal officials.
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the president
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Who can veto any bill passed by Congress and, unless two-thirds of the members of each house vote to override the veto, the bill does not become law.
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the president
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Who is the federal official primarily responsible for the relations of the United States with foreign nations.
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the president
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The heads of the 14 departments, chosen by the president and approved by the Senate, form a council of advisers generally known as the president's _________________.
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cabinet
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Which department supports agricultural production to ensure fair prices and stable markets for producers and consumers, works to improve and maintain farm income, and helps to develop and expand markets abroad for agricultural products.The department attempts to curb poverty, hunger, and malnutrition by issuing food stamps to the poor; by sponsoring educational programs on nutrition; and by administering other food assistance programs, primarily for children, expectant mothers, and the elderly. It maintains production capacity by helping landowners protect the soil, water, forests, and other natural resources.
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Department of Agriculture
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What department serves to promote the nation's international trade, economic growth, and technological advancement. It offers assistance and information to increase U.S. competitiveness in the global marketplace; administers programs to create new jobs and to foster the growth of minority-owned businesses; and provides statistical, economic, and demographic information for business and government planners.
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Department of Commerce
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What department is responsible for all matters relating to the nation's military security?
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Department of Defense (DOD)
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What department provides national leadership to address critical issues in American education and serves as a clearinghouse of information to help state and local decisionmakers improve their schools. The department establishes policy for and administers federal aid-to-education programs, including student loan programs, programs for disadvantaged and disabled students, and vocational programs.
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Department of Education
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Staff offices within DOE are responsible for the research, development, and demonstration of energy technology; energy conservation; civilian and military use of nuclear energy; regulation of energy production and use; pricing and allocation of oil; and a central energy data collection and analysis program.
What department protects the nation's environment by setting standards to minimize the harmful effects of energy production. |
Department of Energy
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What department, which oversees some 300 programs, probably directly touches the lives of more Americans than any other federal agency. Its largest component, the Health Care Financing Administration, administers the Medicare and Medicaid programs, which provide health care coverage to about one in every five Americans.
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Department of Health and Human Services
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What department manages programs that assist community development and help provide affordable housing for the nation.
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Department of Housing and Urban Development (HUD)
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As the nation's principal conservation agency, what department is responsible for most of the federally owned public lands and natural resources in the United States.
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Department of Interior
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What department represents the U.S. government in legal matters and courts of law, and renders legal advice and opinions upon request to the president and to the heads of the executive departments.
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Department of Justice
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What department promotes the welfare of wage earners in the United States, helps improve working conditions, and fosters good relations between labor and management.
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Department of Labor
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What department advises the president, who has overall responsibility for formulating and executing the foreign policy of the United States. The department assesses American overseas interests, makes recommendations on policy and future action, and takes necessary steps to carry out established policy.
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Department of State
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What department establishes the nation's overall transportation policy through 10 operating units that encompass highway planning, development, and construction; urban mass transit; railroads; civilian aviation; and the safety of waterways, ports, highways, and oil and gas pipelines.
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Department of Transportation
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What department is responsible for serving the fiscal and monetary needs of the nation. The department performs four basic functions: formulating financial, tax, and fiscal policies; serving as financial agent for the U.S. government; providing specialized law enforcement services; and manufacturing coins and currency.
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Department of Treasury
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What department, established as an independent agency in 1930 and elevated to cabinet level in 1989, dispenses benefits and services to eligible veterans of U.S. military service and their dependents.
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Department of Veteran Affairs
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Who coordinates the intelligence activities of certain government departments and agencies; collects, correlates, and evaluates intelligence information relating to national security; and makes recommendations to the National Security Council within the Office of the President.
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The Central Intelligence Agency (CIA)
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What agency works with state and local governments throughout the United States to control and abate pollution in the air and water and to deal with problems related to solid waste, pesticides, radiation, and toxic substances.
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The Environmental Protection Agency (EPA)
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Who is charged with regulating interstate and international communications by radio, television, wire, satellite, and cable.
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The Federal Communications Commission (FCC)
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Who coordinates the work of federal, state, and local agencies in responding to floods, hurricanes, earthquakes, and other natural disasters.
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The Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA)
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Who is the governing body of the Federal Reserve System, the central bank of the United States. It conducts the nation's monetary policy by influencing the volume of credit and money in circulation.
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The Federal Reserve Board
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Who enforces federal antitrust and consumer protection laws by investigating complaints against individual companies initiated by consumers, businesses, congressional inquiries, or reports in the media.
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The Federal Trade Commission (FTC)
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Who is responsible for the purchase, supply, operation, and maintenance of federal property, buildings, and equipment, and for the sale of surplus items.
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The General Services Administration (GSA)
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Who was established in 1958 to run the U.S. space program. It placed the first American satellites and astronauts in orbit, and it launched the Apollo spacecraft that landed men on the moon in 1969.
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The National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA)
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Who preserves the nation's history by overseeing the management of all federal records.
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The National Archives and Records Administration (NARA)
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Who administers the principal U.S. labor law, the National Labor Relations Act.
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The National Labor Relations Board (NLRB)
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Who supports basic research and education in science and engineering in the United States through grants, contracts, and other agreements awarded to universities, colleges, and nonprofit and small business institutions.
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The National Science Foundation (NSF)
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Who is the federal government's human resources agency. It ensures that the nation's civil service remains free of political influence and that federal employees are selected and treated fairly and on the basis of merit.
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The Office of Personnel Management (OPM)
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What group, founded in 1961, trains and places volunteers to serve in foreign countries for two years.
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The Peace Corps
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Who was established to protect investors who buy stocks and bonds.
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The Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC)
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What was created in 1953 to advise, assist, and protect the interests of small business concerns.
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The Small Business Administration (SBA)
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Who manages the nation's social insurance program, consisting of retirement, disability, and survivors benefits.
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The Social Security Administration (SSA)
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Who administers U.S. foreign economic and humanitarian assistance programs in the developing world, as well as in Central and Eastern Europe and the New Independent States of the former Soviet Union.
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The United States Agency for International Development (USAID)
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Membership in the House is based on each state's population, and its size is therefore not specified in the Constitution. Its current membership is ________.
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435
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The number of seats each state is given in the House of Representatives
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is established every 10 years by an official census.
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The day-to-day work of the Executive branch is
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managed by the appointed heads of the various executive departments.
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After new legislation is written, it must _________ before it can become a law.
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be approved by the relevant Congressional committee
be debated and passed in both houses of Congress be signed by the President |
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A court within the Judicial Branch that is established by Congress for a specific purpose and jursidiction.
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Special Court
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In spite of occasional errors, ________ is generally considered to be an effective way to keep track of public opinion.
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polling
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Why did a two-party system emerge in American politics?
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A winner take all system of voting encourages the development of two major parties.
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What are these examples of:A two-party system limits choice among voters.
B. Policies may change dramatically in a short period of time when control of government changes from one party to the other. C. Even large third parties have a difficult time succeeding in national elections. |
drawbacks of a two-party system
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What are these arguments?
# the possibility of electing a minority president # the risk of so-called "faithless" Electors, # the possible role of the Electoral College in depressing voter turnout, and # its failure to accurately reflect the national popular will. |
Arguments against the electoral college
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What are these arguements?
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Arguments for the electoral college
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In the electoral college, each state is entitled to the number of electors equal ________________________
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to their members in Congress
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If no candidate recieves a majority of the electoral votes, how is a President chosen?
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the House of Representatives
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The decision in this Supreme Court Case established the right of the courts to determine the constitutionality of the actions of the other two branches of government. (judicial review)
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Marbury vs. Madison
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In what is perhaps the most infamous case in its history, the court decided that all people of African ancestry -- slaves as well as those who were free -- could never become citizens of the United States and therefore could not sue in federal court. The court also ruled that the federal government did not have the power to prohibit slavery in its territories.
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Dred Scott vs Sandford
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What decision set the precedent that "separate" facilities for blacks and whites were constitutional as long as they were "equal."
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Plessy vs Fergerson
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What case did the U.S. Supreme Court ruled unanimously that racial segregation in public schools violated the Fourteenth Amendment to the Constitution, which says that no state may deny equal protection of the laws to any person within its jurisdiction. The 1954 decision declared that separate educational facilities were inherently unequal.
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Brown vs. Topeka Board of Education
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What case which recognized that a woman’s choice whether to have an abortion is protected by her right to privacy
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Roe vs Wade
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Freedom of (or from) religion. Freedom of speech. Freedom to assemble. Freedom to petition the government.
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1st amendment
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Right to bear arms.
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2nd amendment
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Freedom from quartering soldiers.
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3rd amendment
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Freedom from unreasonable searches and seizures. Warrants must only be issued upon probable cause, and shall be specific.
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4th amendment
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Criminal indictments must be by grand jury. Freedom from double jeopardy. Freedom from testifying against oneself. Right to face accusers. Right to due process. Right of just compensation for takings.
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5th amendment
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Right to speedy trial. Right to impartial jury. Right to be informed of the charges upon which the accused is held. Right to face accusers. Right to produce witnesses for the accused. Right to legal counsel.
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6th amendment
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Right to jury trial in civil cases. Facts found by a jury cannot be reexamined by another court.
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7th amendment
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Freedom from excessive bail or fines. Freedom from cruel or unusual punishment.
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8th amendment
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The listing of a right in any other part of the Constitution does not imply that other unlisted rights do not exist. Supreme Court decisions have found a handful of important rights that fall under this, such as the right to privacy.
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9th Amendment
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Right to not be a slave.
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13th Amendment
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Right to citizenship of any person born in the United States. Right to equal protection of the national and state laws. Right to be free of any law that abridges the privileges or immunities of a citizen. Right to be free of any law that deprives a person of life, liberty, or property without due process.
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14th Amendment
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Right to vote regardless of race or color.
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15th Amendment
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Right to vote for Senators.
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17th Amendment
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Right to vote regardless of gender.
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19th Amendment
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Right to vote for presidential electors if a resident of Washington, D.C.
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23rd Amendment
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Right to vote even if a poll tax or any other tax is unpaid.
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24th Amendment
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Right to vote guaranteed for any person at least 18 years old.
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26th Amendment
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is a responsibility implied by the Constitutional right to a trial by a jury of one's peers.
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Serving as a juror
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Individual rights in the original constitution are:
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Habeas corpus, which requires an authority to prove to a court why it has cause to hold someone, is a key individual right.
A bill of attainder is a bill written to punish one person or group of people. An ex post facto law is one which retroactively makes an act a crime. |
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Anyone who is born in the United States or anyone who is born to a parent who is a US Citizen is considered to be
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a natural born citizen
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Name one thing that only "natural born" citizens can do.
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Run for president
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These steps involve what? At no time will such a person ever be considered natural-born (unless the U.S. Code is changed in some way). The process to become a citizen involves several steps, including applying to become and becoming a permanent resident (previously known as a resident alien), applying to become and becoming naturalized, and finally taking the Oath of Allegiance to the United States. Children of naturalized U.S. citizens generally become citizens automatically, though they will also not be considered natural-born. There is a time constraint before a permanent resident can apply for naturalization, generally either 3 or 5 years. The other requirements are that there be a minimum length of time in a specific state or district, successful completion of a citizenship exam, ability to read, write, and speak English, and good moral character.
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How to become a US citizen
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The founder fathers meet at the Constitutional Convention for what reason?
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To fix the problems with the Articles of Confederation; They ended up writing the Constitution.
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