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52 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
___ is the transfer of signals from one cell to another
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Synaptic transmission
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Connections b/w neurons are small wholes in the cell membrane called
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gap junctions
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non-rectifying aka ___ synapse
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bidirectional
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in mammals, most electrical synapses are
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unidirectional
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the narrow space in gap junction channels are formed by hemichannels or ___ on either side of the neuron
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the narrow space in gap junction channels are formed by hemichannels or connexon on either side of the neuron.
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in electrical synapse, transmission of info is always
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excitatory
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gap-junction opener:
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trimethylamine
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gap-junction closer:
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carbenoxolone
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Gap junctions are ___ in response to a seizure, even in the distant cortex
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gap junctions are increased
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Charot-Marie-Tooth disease aka (2)
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- HMSN Hereditary Motor and Sensory Neuropathy or Peroneal Muscular Atrophy
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Charot-Marie-Tooth disease is a ___ inherited disorder of nerves
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heterogeneous inherited
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In Peroneal Muscular Atrophy, demyelination is caused by:
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demyelination in peroneal muscular atrophy is caused by mutation in one of the connexin genes expressed in the Schwann cells.
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Because the connexin fails to fom functional gap channels in Charot-Marie-Tooth disease...
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there is loss of muscle tissue and touch sensation, primarily in the feet and legs but also in the arms and hands
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T/F there is no continuity b/w the cytoplasm of the presynaptic terminal and postsynaptic neuron.
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True.
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In chemical transmission, neurons are separated by fluid-filled gaps called
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synaptic cleft
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identify the synapse:
postsynaptic membrane is on a dendrite of antoher neuro. |
axodendritic synapse
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identify the synapse:
postsynaptic membrane is on the cell body (soma) of another neuron. |
axosomatic synaptse
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identify the synapse:
postsynaptic membrane is on the axon of another synapse. |
axoaxomic synapse
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identify the synapse:
some specialized neurons have dendrites that form synapse with each other. |
dendodendritic synapse
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identify the synapse:
pre- and postsynaptic terminal membranes have similar thickness; usually ____. |
symmetric synapse, usually inhibitory
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identify the synapse:
postsynaptic membrane is usually thicker than presynaptic membrane; usually ____. |
asymmetrical synapse, usually excitatory
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If a vesicle is being transported on dyenin, what type of transport is this?
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Retrograde
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If a vesicle is being transported on kineisin, what type of transport?
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Anterograde
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What type of calcium channel is opened when there is a local depolarization at the axon terminal? Voltage, chemical, or mechanically gated?
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Voltage-- Voltage Gated Calcium Gates.
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A calcium channel blocker is...
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Cadmium
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presynaptic proteins involved in neurotransmitter release:
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- Synaptotagmin
- Synaptophysin -Syntaxin - SNAP-25 - Synaptobrevin |
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State the order of neurotransmitter from endosome to exocytosis
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1) buds off endosome
2) transmitter loading 3 docking 4) priming 5) fusion |
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Excitatory Postsyntaptic Potentials (EPSP) cause ___ & ___ ion channels to open
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EPSPs cause Na+ and K+ channels to open.
*more Na+ will move in than K+ b/c of electrical and concentration gradient |
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Inhibitory Postsynaptic Potential (IPSP) open __ and__ channels I
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IPSPs open Cl- and K+ channels, Cl- moves into the cell, K+ moves out.
*due to concentration gradient, not electrical |
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EPSPs and IPSPs are ___ potentials
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Graded potentials
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this type of summation occurs when multiple synapses in nearby locations are stimulated simultaneously
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spatial summation
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this type of summation occurs when the same channel is repeatedly opened
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temporal summation
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State 3 ways a neurotransmitter is deactivated:
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- degradation
- reuptake - autoreceptors |
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A drug classified as an agonist...
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will enhance or stimulate a neurotransmitter's actions
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A drug classified as an antagonist...
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will block receptors and inactivating them, usually by taking up the space but without specifically causing the opening of the channel or operation of hte secondary messenger.
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Direct binding to a postsynaptic receptor...
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allows ions to pass through the membrane.
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a receptor that accepts neurotransmitters as "keys" are called
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ionotropic receptor
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neurotransmitters that bind ionotropic receptors:
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- Ach, glutamate (Na+/K+), GABA, and glycine (Cl-)
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indirect binding to a postsynaptic receptor...
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the binding of neurotransmitter to the receptor causes the release of a molecule, called a secondary messenger, that indirectly activates nearby ion channels
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a __ receptor releases secondary messengers that indirectly activate nearby ion channels
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metabotropic receptor
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the most common type of postsynaptic receptor is __ , they leave long-lasting effects
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metabotropic receptors
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the cells bodies of motor neurons are located in the ___ horn of the spinal cord
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Ventral horn = cell bodies of motor neurons
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Ach receptors are ___ receptors
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Ach receptors = Nicotenic cholinergic receptors
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The excitatory effect that Ach causes at the junctional folds is called
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End plate Potential (EPP)
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The release of Ach is inactivated by the enzyme ____ present in the basement membrane of the end plate.
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acetylcholinesterase (AChesterase)
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Lambert-Eaton myasthenic syndrome (LEMS) is a rare autoimmune disorder which affects the nerve-muscle junction by:
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attacking presynaptic Ca2+ channels
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symptoms of Lambert-Eaton-Myasthenic Syndrom include:
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muscle weakness in the upper legs and upper arms, a tingling sensation is also felt in the affected area
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Myasthenia gravis is an autoimmune disease in which there is "severe muscle weakness" it is when:
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there is a reduced number of funtional nicotinic Ach receptors in the postsynaptic membrane of the motor-end-plate
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symptoms of myasthenia gravis include:
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- droopy eyelids, eye muscle weakness, difficulty swallowing, difficulty breathing
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women usually develop myasthenia gravis:
and men at: |
at age 20-40
men: 50-70 |
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botulism is caused by:
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botulinum toxin, produced by clostridium botulinum
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botulinum functions by:
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blocking motor nerves' ability to release Ach and flaccid paralysis occurs
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