Aws Certified Cloud Practitioner

Front 1

What is cloud computing?

Back 1

Cloud computing is the on-demand delivery of compute, database storage, applications, and other IT resources through a cloud services platform via the Internet, with pay-as-you-go pricing

Front 2

What are six advantages of cloud computing?

Back 2

1. Trade capital expense for variable expense

2. Benefit from massive economies of scale

3. Stop guessing about capacity

4. Increase speed and agility

5. Stop spending money running and maintaining data centers

6. Go global in minutes

Front 3

What are the three types of cloud computing?

Back 3

1. Infrastructure as a service: someone manages the server for you

2. Platform as a service: someone else manages the underlying hardware and operating systems. You just focus on apps, someone else worries about patching, security, updates, maintenance

3. Software as a service: someone takes care of data centers, servers, networks, storage, maintenance, patching, etc.

Front 4

What are the three types of cloud computing deployments?

Back 4

1. Public Cloud (AWS, Azure, Google Cloud)

2. Hybrid - mix of public/private

3. Private Cloud

Front 5

What is an AWS availability zone?

Back 5

A data center... which is just a building filled with servers

Front 6

What is an AWS region?

Back 6

A geographical area. Each region consists of 2 or more availability zones

Front 7

What s GovCloud and who is it available to?

Back 7

For federal government and private companies. Only available to US citizens or green-card holders to manage and access root account keys to US regions

Front 8

What are edge locations? What is the primary AWS edge service?

Back 8

Endpoints which are used for caching content. Typically this consists of CloudFront-- Amazon's CDN

Front 9

Are there more edge locations or regions?

Back 9

Many more edge locations

Front 10

What three factors are there to choosing the right AWS region?

Back 10

1. Data sovereignty laws (federal requirements, for example)

2. Latency to end users

3. AWS services can vary

Front 11

IAM policies are in what format?

Back 11

JSON

Front 12

What types of keys are in IAM policies?

Back 12

Effect, Action, Resource

Front 13

What three ways can you access AWS?

Back 13

1. Console

2. Programmatically (CLI)

3. Software Developer's Kit (SDK)

Front 14

What does S3 stand for?

Back 14

Simple Storage Services

Front 15

What types of files can S3 hold?

Back 15

Flat files (any object that doesn't change)

Front 16

What is the max file size in S3?

Back 16

One file can be 5 terabytes

Front 17

S3 is a universal namespace... what does that mean?

Back 17

Bucket names must be unique at the global level

Front 18

What are the four elements of an S3 object?

Back 18

1. Key (name)

2. Value (data)
3. Metadata (data about the data)

4. Subresources (access control lists and torrent)

Front 19

How does data consistency work for S3?

Back 19

1. Read after write consistency for PUTs of new objects (immediately read new objects)

2. Eventual consistency for overwrite PUTs and DELETEs (can take some time to propogate) (near-immediately read updated objects)

Front 20

What are the Amazon standards for durability and availability?

Back 20

durability: 99.9%(x11)

availability: 99.9% (guaranteed)

Front 21

What are the 5 primary features of S3?

Back 21

1. Tiered Storage

2. Lifecycle Management

3. Versioning

4. Encripytion

5. Secure data using access control lists and bucket policies

Front 22

What status code results on a successful upload to S3?

Back 22

HTTP200

Front 23

What are the six storage classes?

Back 23

1. S3 Standard (designed to sustain loss of 2 concurrent facilities)

2. S3 - IA (Infrequent, but rapid, Access) (charged a retrieval fee)

3. S3 One Zone - IA

4. S3 Intelligent Tiering (optimize cost)

5. S3 Glacier(low-cost data archiving)

6. S3 Glacier Deep Archive (12-hour retrieval time)

Front 24

What are the two primary charges from S3?

Back 24

1. Storage

2. Requests

Front 25

What is S3 transfer acceleration?

Back 25

Files take advantage of CloudFront's globally distributed edge locations, and files go through Amazon's internal network

Front 26

What is S3 cross-region replication?

Back 26

Two buckets, everytime someone uploads a file to the primary bucket, it gets copied to a secondary bucket for disaster recovery

Front 27

What are three ways to restrict bucket access?

Back 27

1. Bucket Policies - applies across the whole bucket

2. Object policies - applies to individual files

3. IAM policies to Users & Groups

Front 28

What is a CDN?

Back 28

A CDN (Content Delivery Network) is a system of distributed servers (network) that deliver webpages and other web content to a user based on the geographic locations of the user, the origin of the webpage, and a content delivery server

Front 29

What is an edge location

Back 29

This is the location where content will be cached

Front 30

What is a CloudFront origin?

Back 30

This is the origin of all the files that CDN will distribute. This can be an S3 bucket, an EC2 instance, an Elastic Load Balances, or Route53

Front 31

What is a CloudFront distribution?

Back 31

this is the name given to the CDN, which consists of a collection of edge locations

Front 32

What is the typical TTL for caching files?

Back 32

48 hours..although this is usually in seconds

Front 33

Can you clear cached objects?

Back 33

Yes, but you will be charged

Front 34

What is EC2? What does it do?

Back 34

Elastic Compute Cloud, a virtual server or servers in the cloud. It reduces the time required to obtain and boot new server instances to minutes, allowing you to quickly scale capacity, both up and down, as your computing requirements change

Front 35

What are the EC2 pricing models?

Back 35

1. On demand

2. Reserved

2a. Standard Reserved

2b. Convertible Reserved

2c. Scheduled Reserved

3. Spot pricing

4. Dedicated hosts

Front 36

What is On-Demand EC2 pricing?

Back 36

Pay a fixed rate by the hour (or second) with no commitment.

Front 37

What is Reserved EC2 pricing?

Back 37

Reserved provides you with a capacity reservation, and offers a significant discount on the hourly charge for an instance. Contract terms are 1 or 3 year terms, and the more you pay up front, the better.

Front 38

What are the use cases for on-demand ec2 pricing?

Back 38

Use cases:

1. Low cost and flexibility of EC2 without any up-front payment or long-term commitment

2. Apps with short-term, spiky or unpredictable workloads that cannot be interrupted

3. Apps that are being developed or tested on EC2 for the first time

Front 39

What are the use cases for reserved ec2 pricing?

Back 39

Use Cases:

1. Apps with steady state or predictable usage

2. Apps that require reserved capacity

3. Users able to make upfront payments to reduce their total computing cost even further

Front 40

What is the price break on a standard ec2 reserved instance?

Back 40

Up to 75% off on-demand instances. The more you pay up front, and the longer the contract, the greater the discount

Front 41

What is a convertible reserved ec2 instance?

Back 41

Up to 54% off on demand capability to change the attributes of the instance, as long as the exchange results in the creation of reserved instances of equal or greater value

Front 42

What is a scheduled reserved ec2 instance?

Back 42

These are available to launch within the time windows you reserve. This option allows you to match your capacity reservation to predictable recurring schedule that only requires a fraction of the day, week, or month

Front 43

What is ec2 spot pricing?

Back 43

spot pricing enables you to bid whatever price you want for instance capacity

Front 44

what are use cases for ec2 spot instances?

Back 44

1. Apps with flexible start and end times

2. Apps that are only feasible at very low compute prices

3. Users with urgent computing needs who need large amounts of additional capacity

Front 45

What is ec2 dedicated hosts?

Back 45

these are physical ec2 servers dedicated for your use. Dedicated hosts can help you reduce costs by allowing you to use your existing server-bound software licenses

Front 46

What are use cases for ec2 dedicated hosts?

Back 46

1. Useful for regulatory requirements that may not support multi-tenet virtualization

2. Great for licensing which does not support multi-tenancy or cloud deployments

3. Can be purchased on-demand (hourly)

4. Can be purchased as a Reservation

Front 47

What is EBS?

Back 47

Amazon Elastic Block Storage allows you to create storage volumes and attach them to EC2 instances. This is a virtual disk in the cloud.

Front 48

What are the two types of EBS? What are the subtypes of each?

Back 48

1. Solid state drive

1a. General Purpose SSD (GP2) - balances price and performance for a wide variety of workloads

1b. Provisioned IOPS SSD (IO1) - highest-performance SSD volume for mission-critical low-latency or high-throughput workloads

2. Magnetic

2a. Throughput Optimized HDD (ST1) - low cost HDD volume designed for frequently accessed, throughput-intensive workloads

2b. Cold HDD (SC1) - lowest cost HDD volume designed for less frequently accessed workloads (file servers)

Front 49

How do linux computers talk to each other?

Back 49

SSH (port 22)

Front 50

How do windows computers talk to each other?

Back 50

Remote desktop protocol (port 3389)

Front 51

What ports are HTTP and HTTPS

Back 51

port 80 and port 443

Front 52

What does a firewall do?

Back 52

A firewall enables communication through different ports.

Front 53

What sider address range would let anything in on a firewall?

Back 53

0.0.0.0/0

Front 54

What number means you're letting in just one IP address?

Back 54

32

Front 55

Explain the difference between a public key and a private key

Back 55

Private Key:You can have hundreds of copies of the lock (public key), but the only thing that can open the lock is a key (private key). You only want one copy of that key.

Front 56

What are the 3 different types of load balancers

Back 56

Application load

network load balancer

classic load balancer

Front 57

What are application load balancers?

Back 57

It inspects packets, reads HTTP and HTTPS headers, and intelligently routes requests to different backend services accordingly.

Front 58

Is IAM global or regional?

Back 58

Global

Front 59

What are the six types of relational databases on AWS

Back 59

1. SQL Server

2. Oracle

3. MySQL Server

4. PostgresSQL

5. Aurora

6. MariaDB

Front 60

What are the two key features of RDS

Back 60

1. Multiple availability zones (disaster recovery)

2. Read Replicas (for performance-- can have 5 copies)

Front 61

What are the equivalents of tables, rows, and fields in non-relational databases?

Back 61

Tables: collection (columns can vary, does not affect other rows in DB)

Rows: Documents

Fields: Key-value pairs

Front 62

What is Amazon's non-relational database called?

Back 62

DynamoDB

Front 63

What are features of OLTP?

Back 63

Online Transaction Processing

- index query returns or inserts one row

Front 64

What are features of OLAP?

Back 64

Online Analytics Processing

-Returns or inserts many records, may do calculations

-Spurred the invention of data warehouses.. to do things outside of your production database

Front 65

What are some examples of OLAP data warehouses?

Back 65

Cognos, Jaspersoft, SQL Server Reporting, Oracle Hyperion

Front 66

What is Amazon's OLAP data warehouse?

Back 66

Redshift

Front 67

What is Elasticache

Back 67

A web server that makes it easy to deploy, operate, and scale an in-memory cache in the cloud. It improves the performance of web applications by allowing you to retrieve information from fast, managed, in-memory databases instead of relying entirely on slower-disk based databases

Front 68

What open-source in-memory caching engines does Elasticache support?

Back 68

MemcacheD

Redis

Front 69

Are ALBs and EC2 instances in multi AZ?

Back 69

ALBs are redundant, EC2 is not

Front 70

What is Elastic Beanstalk?

Back 70

quickly deploy and manage apps in the AWS cloud without worrying about the infrastructure that runs those apps.

Front 71

What four primary things does EB do?

Back 71

Capacity provisioning, load balancing, scaling, app health monitoring

Front 72

What is CloudFormation

Back 72

A service that helps you model and set up your AWS resources so that you spend less time managing those resources and more time focusing on your applications that run in AWS

Front 73

What is one way you can scale up using AWS?

Back 73

Increase amount of RAM or CPU inside an individual VM

Front 74

What are six ways you can scale out using AWS?

Back 74

1. Stateless Apps like Lambda

2. Load distribution (Multiple EC2 servers or Read Replicas in RDS)

3. Stateless Components (cookies)

4. Stateful components (purchase data in database)

5. Session Affinity (sticky session EC2)

6. Distributed Processing (MapReduce)

Front 75

What are four ways to instantiate compute resources on EC2?

Back 75

1. Bootstrapping

2. Golden Images (AMIs)
3. Containers

4. Hybrid

Front 76

What are Amazon's primary databases?

Back 76

- Aurora (OLTP)

- DynamoDP (Non-relational)

- Redshift (OLAP)

- CloudSearch and ElasticSearch (search)

- GraphDB (Graphing)

Front 77

What is a data lake?

Back 77

An architectural approach that allows you to store massive amounts of data in a central location so that it's readily available

- No predefined scehma

- S3 can store data lakes.

- Athena can run queries on data lakes

Front 78

What is CloudWatch

Back 78

A monitoring service your AWS resources use, as well as the apps you run on AWS

Front 79

What three things can CloudWatch monitor?

Back 79

1. Compute (EC2, autoscaling, ELBs, route53)

2. Storage and Content delivery (EBS volumes, storage gateway, cloudfront)

3. Physical hosts (CPU, Network, Disk, Status Checks)

Front 80

What is AWS systems manager?

Back 80

Allows you to manage EC2 instances at scale

Front 81

What are multiple EC2 instances called?

Back 81

A fleet

Front 82

Which AWS services can be used on-premise?

Back 82

- Snowball (gigantic disk of 80TB delivered to your office)

- Snowball edge (lambda functions if you have bad connectivity)

- Storage gateway (caches files inside data center and replicates them on S3)

- CodeDeploy (deploy code to EC2 instances)

- Opsworks (Uses Chef for automated deployments to EC2)

- IoT Greengrass (connects iot to the cloud)

Front 83

What is Snowball and Snowball edge?

Back 83

Snowball - gigantic disk (80tb) delivered to your office

Snowall edge - lambda functions for bad connectivity (boeing used this)

Front 84

What is storage gateway?

Back 84

Caches files inside data center and replicates them on S3

Front 85

What is CodeDeploy

Back 85

deploy code automatically to Ec2 instances (kind of like a code update instead of manually having to install stuff)

Front 86

What is OpsWorks

Back 86

you can automatically deploy ec2 servers with chef or puppet

Front 87

What is IoT Greengrass?

Back 87

Connects your IoT devices to the cloud

Front 88

What is CloudWatch?

Back 88

A monitoring service to monitor your AWS resources as well as the apps you run on AWS. Think of CloudWatch as a personal trainer that monitors your performance

Front 89

What are the compute AWS products that CloudWatch can monitor?

Back 89

EC2, autoscaling, elastic load balancers, route53

Front 90

What are the storage AWS products that CloudWatch can monitor

Back 90

EBS volumes, storage gateway, cloudfront

Front 91

What are the monitoring intervals for CW?

Back 91

5 mins by default, 1 minute for detailed monitoring, and CloudWatch alarms for triggered notifications

Front 92

What is AWS systems manager?

Back 92

Allows you to manager a fleet of EC2 instances at scale. Basically on an EC2 instance, you install software that lets AWS systems manager talk to it

Front 93

What are the three fundamental drivers of cost with AWS?

Back 93

Compute, Storage, and outbound data transfer

Front 94

What free-tier offers are only available to new AWS customers for 12 months?

Back 94

EC2, S3, RDS, Cloudfront

Front 95

What free-tier offers do not expire after 12 months?

Back 95

DynamoDB, Glacier, Lambda

Front 96

What are the 5 basic AWS pricing policies?

Back 96

1. pay as you go

2. pay less when you reserve

3. Pay even less by unit by using more

4. pay even less as AWS grows

5. custom pricing

Front 97

What are the 7 AWS free services?

Back 97

1. IAM

2. VPC

3. Elastic Beanstalk

4. Cloud Formation

5. Auto Scaling

6. Opsworks

7. Consolidated Billing

Front 98

What 2 things determines price for Lambda?

Back 98

1. Requests: Lambda is free up to 1 million requests per month, and $0.20 per million requests thereafter

2. Duration: How long your function runs

Front 99

What 3 things determines price for EBS?

Back 99

1. Volumes

2. Snapshots

3. Data Transfer into EBS

Front 100

What 4 tings determine price for S3?

Back 100

1. Storage class

2. Storage volume

3. Requests (Get is more than Put/Copy)

4. Data Transfer

Front 101

What 2 things determines price for Glacier?

Back 101

1. Storage volume

2. Data retrieval times

Front 102

What is snowball?

Back 102

Snowball is a PB-scale data transport solution that uses secure appliances to transfer large amounts of data into and out of the AWS cloud. It's a huge disk

Front 103

What 3 things determine the price for Snowball?

Back 103

1. Service fee per job

2. Daily charge (first 10 days are free)

3. Data transfer in to S3 is free. Data transfer out is not

Front 104

What 8 things determine the price for RDS?

Back 104

1. clock hours of server time

2. database characteristics

3. Database purchase types

4. Number of database instances

5. provisioned storage

6. additional storage

7. deployment type

8. data transfer

Front 105

What two things determine price for DynamoDB?

Back 105

1. Provisioned throughputs for write/read

2. Indexed data storage (hourly... also cost to index)

Front 106

What 3 things drive the price for CloudFront

Back 106

1. Traffic distribution

2. Number of requests

3. Data transfer out

Front 107

What are AWS budgets?

Back 107

Gives you the ability to set custom budgets that alert you when your costs or usage exceed (or are forecasted to exceed) your budgeted amount. Used to budget costs before they have been incurred

Front 108

What is AWS Cost Explorer?

Back 108

Easy to use interface that lets you understand AWS cost and usage over time. Used to see budget costs after they have been incurred

Front 109

What are the four basic AWS support plans?

Back 109

1. Basic (nothing)

2. Developer (email tech support. 1 person open cases)

3. Business (many open cases. phone support 24/7)

4. Enterprise (15 mins business crit system down)

Front 110

What are tags?

Back 110

Tags are Key-Value pairs attached to AWS resources. These include some metadata about the resource

Front 111

What are resource groups?

Back 111

Resource groups make it easy to group your resources using the tags that are assigned to them. You can group resources that share one or more tags

Front 112

What is AWS Organizations?

Back 112

an account management service that enables you to consolidate multiple AWS accounts into an organization that you create and centrally manage

Front 113

What are the two feature sets of AWS organizations?

Back 113

1. Consolidated billing

2. All features

Front 114

What is the paying account in AWS organizations?

Back 114

It is an independent account that cannot access resources of other accounts. It enjoys economies of scale. Prob should not provision resources on it

Front 115

What is CloudWatch?

Back 115

monitors performance

Front 116

What is CloudTrail

Back 116

monitors API calls in the AWS platform (auditing)

Front 117

How should you use CloudTrail?

Back 117

Used on a per-account basis, enabled per region. Can consolidate logs under all accounts

Front 118

How do you consolidate the logs using CloudTrail?

Back 118

1. Turn CT on in paying account

2. Create bucket policy that allows cross-account access

3. Turn on CT in the other accounts and use the bucket in the paying account

Front 119

What is Quickstart?

Back 119

Quickstart provisions a predefined Cloud Formation template in a particular technology into an AWS account. These are built by AWS solutions architects who are experts in those technologies

Front 120

What is landing zone?

Back 120

Allows you to set up a multi-account AWS environment at the click of a button

Front 121

What is the basic Landing Zone account set up?

Back 121

Four accounts: organization, shared services, log archive, security

Front 122

What are the two AWS calculators?

Back 122

1. AWS simple monthly calculator

2. AWS total cost of ownership calculator

Front 123

What is AWS Artifact

Back 123

a comprehensive list of access-controlled documents relevant to compliance and security in the AWS cloud

Front 124

What is the AWS shared responsibility model?

Back 124

While AWS manages security of the cloud, security in the cloud is the responsibility of the customer

Front 125

What is AWS WAF?

Back 125

Web application firewall, it helps protect web applications from common web exploits (hackers)

Front 126

How does WAF work?

Back 126

Firewall inspects web traffic and looks at layer 7 (application layer)

Front 127

What is AWS Shield?

Back 127

A managed DDoS protection service that safeguards web apps running on AWS

Front 128

What are the two tiers of AWS shield?

Back 128

Standard (on by default) and Advanced ($3K a month -- cost protection....AWS reimburses attacks)

Front 129

What is AWS Inspector?

Back 129

Automated security assessment services that helps improve the security and compliance of applications deployed on AWS

Front 130

What is Trusted Advisor?

Back 130

Helps you reduce cost, increase performance and improve security by optimizing your AWS environment. Advises on: cost optimization, performance, security, and fault tolerance

Front 131

What is CloudTrail?

Back 131

Regional, monitors calls in AWS. Increases visibility into your user and resource activity by recording AWS management console actions and api calls

Front 132

What is CloudWatch?

Back 132

Monitors performance on EC2, like host-level metrics and custom metrics

Front 133

What is AWS Config?

Back 133

provides a detailed view of the configuration of AWS resources in your AWS account. Includes how the resources are related to one another and how they were configured in the past so that you can see how the configurations and relationships change

Front 134

What is AWS Athena?

Back 134

Interactive query service which enables you to analyze and query data located in S3 using standard SQL. Serverless, pay per query per TB scanned. Works directly in S3

Front 135

What use cases are in AWS Athena?

Back 135

Qyer log files in s3, generate business reports on data stored in s3, analyze AWS cost and usage reports, run queries on click-stream data

Front 136

What is AWS Macie?

Back 136

Looks at PII, it is a security service which uses ML and NLP to discover, classify, and protect sensitive data in S3

Front 137

What are the five sections of the AWS Well-Architected Framework?

Back 137

1. OpEx

2. Security

3. Reliability

4. Performance Efficiency

5. Cost Optimization

Front 138

What is a component?

Back 138

The code, configuration, and AWS resources that together deliver against a requirment

Front 139

What is a workload?

Back 139

a set of components that together deliver business value

Front 140

What are milestones?

Back 140

Key changes in your architecture as it evolves throughout the product lifecycle

Front 141

What are the 6 AWS general design principles?

Back 141

1. Stop guessing about capacity needs

2. Test systems at production scale

3. Automate to make architectural experimentation easier

4. Allow for evolutionary architecture

5. Drive architectures using data

6. Improve through game days (simulations)

Front 142

What are the 6 OpEx design principles?

Back 142

1. Perform operations as code

2. Annotate documentation

3. Make frequent, small, reversible changes

4. Refine operations procedures frequently.

5. Anticipate failure

6. Learn from all operational failures

Front 143

What are the 3 OpEx best practice areas?

Back 143

1. Prepare

2. Operate

3. Evolve

Front 144

What factors drive the cost of Amazon RDS?

Back 144

1. Clock hours of server time

2. Database characteristics (engine, size, mem class)

3. Database purchase type (on demand vs reserved)

4. # of Database instances

5. Provisioned storage

6. Additional storage

7. Requests

8. Deployment type (multi AZ)

9. Data Transfer (outbound)