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70 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Autonomic nervous system?
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Controls involuntary actions.
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Neuron?
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Nerve cell.
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Autonomic ganglia?
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Groups of autonomic neurons located outside the CNS.
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Pre-ganglionic nerves?
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Nerve fibers that extend from the CNS to the autonomic ganglia.
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Post-ganglionic nerves?
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Nerve fibers that extend from the autonomic ganglia to the target tissues.
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Synapse?
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Space between nerve cells.
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Neurotransmitter?
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Chemical messenger that conducts a nervous impulse across a synapse.
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The ANS is responsible all or in part for regulating the following functions...
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Respiration.
Circulation. Digestion. Temperature. Metabolism. Sweating. Some endocrine glands. |
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The autonomic nervous system has two divisions...
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Sympathetic and parasympathetic.
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Sympathetic nervous system?
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Fight or flight!
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Parasympathetic system?
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Feed and breed.
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The effect of the sypathetic system tends to be diffuse, distributed throughout the body...
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Parasympathetic stimulation tends to be limited to specific organs.
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T or F: The sympathetic system is essential to life in a completely controlled environment.
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F: In fact, the sympathetic system is almost continuously active, making adjustments to a constantly changing environment.
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During a sympathetic response, in addition to the ganglia, there is direct stimulation of the _______________.
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Adrenal medulla.
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The adrenal medulla then releases the hormones __________ into the circulation causing an even faster and more complete response.
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NE and epi.
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What are some of the effects of a sympathetic response?
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BP increases.
HR increases. RBCs from spleen. Blood flow shifts to muscles. CBG increases. Bronchioles dilate. Pupils dilate. |
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The parasympathetic system is involved with conservation of energy and maintenance of organ function during periods of ______________.
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Minimal energy.
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What are some of the effects of a parasympathetic response?
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BP decreases.
HR decreases. Pupils constrict. GI activity. Aids absorbption of nutrients. Bronchioles contrict. |
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Two neurotransmitters used in the autonomic nervous system?
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Acetylcholine (ACh).
Norepinephrine (NE). |
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Cholinergic?
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Pertaining to the neurotransmitter acetylcholine.
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Adrenergic?
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Pertaining to the neurotransmitter norepinephrine.
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Where is ACh used?
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Pre-ganglionic nerves of the sympathetic system.
Pre- and post-ganglionic nerves of the parasympathetic system. |
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Where is NE used?
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Post-ganglionic nerves of the sympathetic system.
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What is cholinesterase (ChE)?
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The enzyme that degrades ACh.
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What are the two kinds of cholinergic receptors in the ANS?
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Muscarinic and nicotinic.
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Nicotinic receptors are found:
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1. All preganglionic neurons of the parasympathetic and the sympathetic systems.
2. Neuromuscular junction (initiate muscle contractions as part of the somatic system). |
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Muscarinic receptors:
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1. Found on all parasympathetic target organs.
2. Primarily responsible for promoting a parasympathetic response. |
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Parasympathomimetic?
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Drug that causes effects like those of the parasympathetic system (also cholinergic).
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Parasypatholytic?
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Drug that blocks the actions of the parasympathetic system (also anticholinergic).
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Anticholinergics are cholinergic receptor...
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Antagonists.
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muscarinic cholinergic antagonists
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Most anticholinergics block the effect of ACh at the muscarinic receptors.
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atropine
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Competitive antagonist with ACh at the muscarinic receptors.
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therapeutic uses of atropine
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Low dose: salivary secretions decrease.
Moderate: HR increases, mydriasis. High dose: Gastric motility decreases, stomach acid secretions decrease. |
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mydriasis
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Pupil dilation.
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miosis
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Pupil constriction.
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effects of atropine OD
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Hot as hell.
Blind as a bat. Dry as a bone. Red as a beet. Mad as a hatter. |
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Atropine?
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Parasympatholytic.
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atrovent (ipratropium bromide)
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Synthetic anticholinergic.
Relaxes bronchial smooth muscle. Inhaled, used in treating asthma. Frequently given with beta agonist. |
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Atrovent?
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Parasympatholytic.
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nicotinic cholinergic antagonists
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Include neuromuscular blocking agents that block nicotinic receptors at the neuromuscular junction.
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Neuromuscular blocking agents are either ____________ or _______________.
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Depolarizing, nondepolarizing.
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What is the most common depolarizing agent?
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Succinylcholine.
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Sux mechanism of action
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1. Binds to the receptor.
2. Acts like ACh but isn't degraded by ChE and remains bound. 3. This cayses depolarization (fasciculations) and then blockade. 4. Eventually degrades. |
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Nondepolarizing neuromuscular blocking agents block ACh because they are competitive ___________.
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Antagonists.
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Name 2 nondepolarizing agents from your drug profiles...
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Vecuronium and rocuronium.
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Cholinergic drugs cause a parasympathetic response...
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DUMBBELS!
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DUMBBELS
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Diarrhea.
Urination. Miosis. Bradycardia. Bronchorrhea. Emesis. Lacrimation. Salivation. |
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Some cholinergics are irreversible ______________ inhibitors at both muscarinic and nicotinic receptors.
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Cholinesterase.
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Organophosphate poisoning and nerve gas both cause extensive cholinergic stimulation leading to ________ and eventually _________.
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DUMBBELS, paralysis.
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Treatment includes very high doses of ________ and ___________________.
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Atropine, pralidoxime (2-PAM).
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Sarin?
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Parasympathomimetic.
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Nicotine?
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Parasympathomimetic and sympathomimetic.
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Sympathomimetic?
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Drug that causes effects like those of the sympathetic system.
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Sympatholytic?
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Drug that blocks the actions of the sympathetic system.
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Two known types of sympathetic receptors?
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1. Dopiminergic
2. Adrenergic |
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alpha 1 receptors
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Peripheral vasoconstriction (arterioles and veins).
Mydriasis. Ejaculation. Mild bronchoconstriction. |
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alpha 2 receptors
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Limits the adrenergic response by inhibiting release of NE at the pre-synaptic termina.
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beta 1 receptors
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Increase heart rate, contractility, automaticity, and conduction.
Renin release from the kidneys. |
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beta 2 receptors
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Bronchodilation.
Dilation of the arterioles. Inhibition of uterine contractions. |
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alpha 1 agonists
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Primarily used to raise BP through peripheral vasoconstriction.
Used topically to decrease nasal congestion. |
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alpha 1 agonists (examples)
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Epinephrine.
Dopamine. |
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beta 1 agonists
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Primarily used for cardiac arrest.
Used for hypotension due to inadequate pumping. |
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beta 1 agonists (examples)
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Epinephrine.
Dopamine. Isoproteranol. |
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beta 2 agonists
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Used to treat bronchoconstriction (asthma, COPD, anaphylaxis).
Suppress preterm labor by relaxing uterine smooth muscle. |
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beta 2 agonists (examples)
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Epinephrine.
Albuterol. |
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Epinephrine, dopamine, and albuterol?
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Sympathomimetics.
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alpha 1 antagonists
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Primarily used to control hypertension.
Prazosin is prototype. |
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beta 1 antagonist
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Used to control hypertension.
Used for angina and MI. Used for SVT's. Most commonly prescribed med in the U.S. |
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beta 1 antagonists (beta blockers)
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Atenolol.
Propranolol. Metoprolol. Etc... |
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Beta blockers?
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Sympatholytics.
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