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35 Cards in this Set

  • Front
  • Back

Sound

Cyclical compression and rarefaction of molecules=sound waves


Sound travels faster through denser materials

Perceptual Dimensions of Sound

Pitch-measured by Hertz-cycles per second


-FREQUENCY of vibration


Human range=10-20,000 Hz


Loudness-intensity of sound-AMPLITUDE


Timbre-COMPLEXITY/mix of sound frequencies


-in tune=perfect timbre, everything playing together

Tympanic Membrane

Outer Ear


Vibrates in and out in correspondence to sound waves hitting it


Mends itself, but with scar tissue, not as flexy


Very sensitive to touch


Outer ear ends here

Eustachian Tube

Middle Ear


Not sound waves, but pressure in ears


From mid ear-sinuses-throat with "trap door"


Must equalize pressure b/w out-mid ears


Acute Otitis Media-Middle Ear infections

Pinna


External Auditory Canal

Pinna=part you can grab, shape gathers sound waves and channels to EAC


Helps with sound localization, alters shape of sound


EAC contains hair and wax glands to prevent dirt from entering deep into your ear


Acute Otitis Externa-Swimmers Ear

Ossicles

Middle Ear


Vibrate in response to eardrum vibration against


Malleus-connected to TM, pushes on incus


Incus-pivots on stapes


Stapes-connected to oval window of cochlea


Act like a lever system to amplify force of sound

Cochlea

Inner Ear


Fluid filled chamber-important for transduction


Spiral like a seashell-more surface area


Contains receptor cells for sound detection


--transfer of sound from air to fluid


Organ of Corti is actual receptive organ

Organ of Corti

Mechanical Transduction


Auditory Receptors-Hair cells


Basilar Receptors-imbedded in this are 1000s of auditory nerves


-seaweed floating in fluid, bend back and forth


-enough bend=AP


Hair Cell Cilia-Tiny hairs on hair cells

Hearing

Vibratory energy(sound waves vibrate) on the oval window causes basilar membrane to bend


Bending of hair cells produces APs


Loudness-how many cilia are bending


Frequency-high causes basilar membrane nearest OW to bend


High pressure makes you hard of hearing

Coclear Nerve

A branch of auditory nerve


Bipolar cells with cell bodies in cochlear nerve ganglion, axons make up nerve


1 bipolar cell per hair cell, 50000 axons per cochlear nerve

Auditory Pathway In Brain

Axons enter Cochlear nucleus of medulla which organizes info from left and right ears


Superior olivary complex of pons-X


Lateral lemniscus(hindbrain)


Inferior Colliculi (midbrain) lower species stops


MGN of thalamus


Auditory Cortex of temporal lobe


Auditory Association Cortex

Perception of Spatial Location

Phase differences for low frequencies

-difference in arrival times of sound waves


---medulla makes sure sounds sync


Intensity differences of sounds in each wave


Analysis of timbre-determine if sound is in front or behind


Sound processing in auditory cortex, how we recognize patterns

Hearing Problems

Bilateral lesions of auditory cortex


-problems with localization


Lesions of left auditory cortex


-problems with discrimination of vocalization


Lesions of auditory ass cortex


-Auditory agnosia


-inability to comprehend meaning of sounds


-very rare



Amusia

can't appreciate the characteristics of music

More Hearing Problems

Auditory Fatigue


-Overexposure to loud noises=some suppression of ability for a given time


Age-related hearing loss


-Damage to cilia from repeated use


-greatest loss at high frequencies b/c cilia bend more at the low frequency ends

Vestibular Sense

Vestibular sacs-utricle and saccule-fluid and hair


-respond to force of gravity


-info on head orientation


-hair cells


Semicircular canals


-respond to angular acceleration(rotation)


-weak response to changes in position and linear acceleration

Vestibular Sense

Nerve axons project to


-vestibular nuclei on medulla


-cerebellum, pons, spinal cord


-crystals inside semi canals move and stimulate hair cells

Taste

Both taste and smell are stimulated by chemical stimulation/transduction


Food dissolves in saliva and stimulates taste receptors


Basic stimuli is the # of molecules in solution of spit "molar concentration"


Flavor=taste and smell

Six Basic Tastes

Sweet-releases dopamine


-brain runs on glucose


Bitter


Saltiness-need sodium


Sour- more ripe=more sugar


Umami-savory


Fatty Acids

Taste Buds

All over mouth, tongue, roof of mouth, throat


Receptors for gustation


Each contains 20-50 receptor cells which live for 10 days\


Reason for saliva-to get food into papillae


3 types of taste-average, hard, super

Taste Receptors

Fungiform Papillae-mushroom shaped


-tip of tongue and front sides


Foliate papillae-fold like shaped


-primarily found on sides of tongue


Circumvalate Pap-hill shaped, look like bumps


Filliform Pap-cats and dogs-rough feeling of tongue


-nongustatory

Gustatory Pathways

Receptor cells


Glossopharyngeal


Nucleus of solitary tract in medulla


Thalamus


Primary gustatory cortex


Secondary gustatory cortex


Amygdala and hypo


--conditioned taste aversion-puking

Factors Affecting Taste Intensity

# of taste buds


-increased last buds=increased taste


Temp


-very hot/cold things taste less powerful


Tongue position-more receptors in back


Olfaction-smell has strong connection


Age-taste buds decay with age


Cross adaptation-potentiation-how long molecules will bind with taste buds

Dysgeusia and Ageusia

Dysgeusia-more temporary


-perception of taste not present


-results from taste receptor nerve damage


-side effect of some drugs


Ageusia-permanent


-lose the ability to taste, usually specific quality


-total and partial, total loss or high insensitivity

Smell

We can detect 1000s of odors, but difficult to describe or ID


Linked to emotional areas of brain


Works distally and proximally-close and far


Very little is known

Olfaction Anatomy

Olfactory epithelium-"smell skin" produces mucous


Olfactory rods(nerves) stick through mucous


-Last six weeks, grow back


At end of rod=projection cilia


Detecting chemicals in air that we do not see

Olfactory Pathway

Smell receptors


Olfactory bulb


Olfactory tract


Amygdala and limbic cortex


Hypo, hippo, and frontal cortex


-flavor perception in frontal cortex?

Factors that affect Olfaction

# of molecules-concentration gradient


Flavor


Volatility-How easy does a substance shed air


-evaporation


Solubility-ability to dissolve in liquid


Age-lose sense of smell with age


Anosmia-loss of smell

Pheromones

Chemical detection of smell for communication


-unconscious detection of smell


Mammal pheromones


-alpha-androstenal-makes humans more sexual


Most pheromone research with insects

Human Research and Pheromones

Mothers can identify babies by smell


Children can tell who their mothers are


"Dormitory Phenomena-syncing of cycles

Synesthesia

Associations between two senses are automatically elicited, stable over time and present throughout life


-1 in 2000 people; genetic


-more common in kids, some outgrow it


-most common is "colored hearing"


Unusual brain connectivity could be cause

Somatosenses

Info of what is happening on the skin surface and inside the body


-Cutaneous senses- touch


-Kinesthesia-position and movement


--receptors in joints, tendons, muscles


-Organic senses-pleasurable and unpleasurable


--receptors in internal organs


Stimuli-pressure, heating, cooling, pain, vibes

Receptors on the Skin

Ruffini Corpuscles-associated with hair and detect low frequency vibes, indentation


Pacinian Corps-tough, high frequency vibes


Meissners Corps-low frequency vibes


Merkel's disks-skin indentation

Perception of Stimulation

Touch-pressure and vibes caused by movement of skin


Temp-Have both warm and cold receptors in skin


Pain-detects intense pressure, heat and acids, tissue damage


-Anterior Cingulate-emo reaction to pain


-PSC-pain perception

Touch Disorders

Somatosensory Agnosia


Cannot know the meaning of objects placed in hand despite normal functioning


Can't ID by tactile exposure


Can't recognize shape, size, other qualities by exposure only