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35 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Sound |
Cyclical compression and rarefaction of molecules=sound waves Sound travels faster through denser materials |
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Perceptual Dimensions of Sound |
Pitch-measured by Hertz-cycles per second -FREQUENCY of vibration Human range=10-20,000 Hz Loudness-intensity of sound-AMPLITUDE Timbre-COMPLEXITY/mix of sound frequencies -in tune=perfect timbre, everything playing together |
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Tympanic Membrane |
Outer Ear Vibrates in and out in correspondence to sound waves hitting it Mends itself, but with scar tissue, not as flexy Very sensitive to touch Outer ear ends here |
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Eustachian Tube |
Middle Ear Not sound waves, but pressure in ears From mid ear-sinuses-throat with "trap door" Must equalize pressure b/w out-mid ears Acute Otitis Media-Middle Ear infections |
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Pinna External Auditory Canal |
Pinna=part you can grab, shape gathers sound waves and channels to EAC Helps with sound localization, alters shape of sound EAC contains hair and wax glands to prevent dirt from entering deep into your ear Acute Otitis Externa-Swimmers Ear |
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Ossicles |
Middle Ear Vibrate in response to eardrum vibration against Malleus-connected to TM, pushes on incus Incus-pivots on stapes Stapes-connected to oval window of cochlea Act like a lever system to amplify force of sound |
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Cochlea |
Inner Ear Fluid filled chamber-important for transduction Spiral like a seashell-more surface area Contains receptor cells for sound detection --transfer of sound from air to fluid Organ of Corti is actual receptive organ |
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Organ of Corti |
Mechanical Transduction Auditory Receptors-Hair cells Basilar Receptors-imbedded in this are 1000s of auditory nerves -seaweed floating in fluid, bend back and forth -enough bend=AP Hair Cell Cilia-Tiny hairs on hair cells |
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Hearing |
Vibratory energy(sound waves vibrate) on the oval window causes basilar membrane to bend Bending of hair cells produces APs Loudness-how many cilia are bending Frequency-high causes basilar membrane nearest OW to bend High pressure makes you hard of hearing |
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Coclear Nerve |
A branch of auditory nerve Bipolar cells with cell bodies in cochlear nerve ganglion, axons make up nerve 1 bipolar cell per hair cell, 50000 axons per cochlear nerve |
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Auditory Pathway In Brain |
Axons enter Cochlear nucleus of medulla which organizes info from left and right ears Superior olivary complex of pons-X Lateral lemniscus(hindbrain) Inferior Colliculi (midbrain) lower species stops MGN of thalamus Auditory Cortex of temporal lobe Auditory Association Cortex |
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Perception of Spatial Location |
Phase differences for low frequencies
-difference in arrival times of sound waves ---medulla makes sure sounds sync Intensity differences of sounds in each wave Analysis of timbre-determine if sound is in front or behind Sound processing in auditory cortex, how we recognize patterns |
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Hearing Problems |
Bilateral lesions of auditory cortex -problems with localization Lesions of left auditory cortex -problems with discrimination of vocalization Lesions of auditory ass cortex -Auditory agnosia -inability to comprehend meaning of sounds -very rare |
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Amusia |
can't appreciate the characteristics of music |
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More Hearing Problems |
Auditory Fatigue -Overexposure to loud noises=some suppression of ability for a given time Age-related hearing loss -Damage to cilia from repeated use -greatest loss at high frequencies b/c cilia bend more at the low frequency ends |
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Vestibular Sense |
Vestibular sacs-utricle and saccule-fluid and hair -respond to force of gravity -info on head orientation -hair cells Semicircular canals -respond to angular acceleration(rotation) -weak response to changes in position and linear acceleration |
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Vestibular Sense |
Nerve axons project to -vestibular nuclei on medulla -cerebellum, pons, spinal cord -crystals inside semi canals move and stimulate hair cells |
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Taste |
Both taste and smell are stimulated by chemical stimulation/transduction Food dissolves in saliva and stimulates taste receptors Basic stimuli is the # of molecules in solution of spit "molar concentration" Flavor=taste and smell |
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Six Basic Tastes |
Sweet-releases dopamine -brain runs on glucose Bitter Saltiness-need sodium Sour- more ripe=more sugar Umami-savory Fatty Acids |
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Taste Buds |
All over mouth, tongue, roof of mouth, throat Receptors for gustation Each contains 20-50 receptor cells which live for 10 days\ Reason for saliva-to get food into papillae 3 types of taste-average, hard, super |
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Taste Receptors |
Fungiform Papillae-mushroom shaped -tip of tongue and front sides Foliate papillae-fold like shaped -primarily found on sides of tongue Circumvalate Pap-hill shaped, look like bumps Filliform Pap-cats and dogs-rough feeling of tongue -nongustatory |
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Gustatory Pathways |
Receptor cells Glossopharyngeal Nucleus of solitary tract in medulla Thalamus Primary gustatory cortex Secondary gustatory cortex Amygdala and hypo --conditioned taste aversion-puking |
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Factors Affecting Taste Intensity |
# of taste buds -increased last buds=increased taste Temp -very hot/cold things taste less powerful Tongue position-more receptors in back Olfaction-smell has strong connection Age-taste buds decay with age Cross adaptation-potentiation-how long molecules will bind with taste buds |
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Dysgeusia and Ageusia |
Dysgeusia-more temporary -perception of taste not present -results from taste receptor nerve damage -side effect of some drugs Ageusia-permanent -lose the ability to taste, usually specific quality -total and partial, total loss or high insensitivity |
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Smell |
We can detect 1000s of odors, but difficult to describe or ID Linked to emotional areas of brain Works distally and proximally-close and far Very little is known |
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Olfaction Anatomy |
Olfactory epithelium-"smell skin" produces mucous Olfactory rods(nerves) stick through mucous -Last six weeks, grow back At end of rod=projection cilia Detecting chemicals in air that we do not see |
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Olfactory Pathway |
Smell receptors Olfactory bulb Olfactory tract Amygdala and limbic cortex Hypo, hippo, and frontal cortex -flavor perception in frontal cortex? |
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Factors that affect Olfaction |
# of molecules-concentration gradient Flavor Volatility-How easy does a substance shed air -evaporation Solubility-ability to dissolve in liquid Age-lose sense of smell with age Anosmia-loss of smell |
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Pheromones |
Chemical detection of smell for communication -unconscious detection of smell Mammal pheromones -alpha-androstenal-makes humans more sexual Most pheromone research with insects |
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Human Research and Pheromones |
Mothers can identify babies by smell Children can tell who their mothers are "Dormitory Phenomena-syncing of cycles |
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Synesthesia |
Associations between two senses are automatically elicited, stable over time and present throughout life -1 in 2000 people; genetic -more common in kids, some outgrow it -most common is "colored hearing" Unusual brain connectivity could be cause |
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Somatosenses |
Info of what is happening on the skin surface and inside the body -Cutaneous senses- touch -Kinesthesia-position and movement --receptors in joints, tendons, muscles -Organic senses-pleasurable and unpleasurable --receptors in internal organs Stimuli-pressure, heating, cooling, pain, vibes |
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Receptors on the Skin |
Ruffini Corpuscles-associated with hair and detect low frequency vibes, indentation Pacinian Corps-tough, high frequency vibes Meissners Corps-low frequency vibes Merkel's disks-skin indentation |
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Perception of Stimulation |
Touch-pressure and vibes caused by movement of skin Temp-Have both warm and cold receptors in skin Pain-detects intense pressure, heat and acids, tissue damage -Anterior Cingulate-emo reaction to pain -PSC-pain perception |
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Touch Disorders |
Somatosensory Agnosia Cannot know the meaning of objects placed in hand despite normal functioning Can't ID by tactile exposure Can't recognize shape, size, other qualities by exposure only |