Audiology Exam 1- Clinical Audiology: An Introduction Chapters 2 And 3

Front 1

What is sound?

Back 1

-pressure vibrations through a medium, particle motion in the air

-needs source, medium to travel through, and receiver

Front 2

physical property of sound: intensity/pressure (dB)

Back 2

human response to sound: loudness (sone)

Front 3

physical property of sound: frequency (cps or Hz)

Back 3

human response to sound: pitch (mel)

Front 4

physical property of sound: phase (milliseconds, seconds)

Back 4

human response to sound: localization (loction of sound)

Front 5

physical property of sound: spectrum (frequency content; why voices sound different)

Back 5

human response to sound: quality (tambre)

Front 6

motion of air particles with sound

Back 6

-vibrate back and forth but maintain same relative position

-compression and rarefaction

Front 7

energy is transmitted because the system exhibits...

Back 7

mass and electricity

Front 8

minimum audibility curve

Back 8

softest sound normal young adults can hear

Front 9

general hearing range

Back 9

100-8000 Hz

Front 10

wave compression

Back 10

condensation

Front 11

period

Back 11

time that elapses during one complete wave cycle

Front 12

frequency

Back 12

the number of complete cycles per second, or Hz

Hz - 1/period

Front 13

peak amplitude

Back 13

measure from midline (rest) to peak

Front 14

peak-to-peak amplitude

Back 14

measure from peak to trough (high point to low point)

Front 15

root-mean-square (RMS) amplitude

Back 15

45 degree point; ongoing long-term average

Front 16

three basic physical qualities

Back 16

-length

-mass

-time

Front 17

velocity

Back 17

(length)/(time)

Front 18

acceleration

Back 18

(length/time)/time = L/t^2

Front 19

force

Back 19

(mass)(acceleration)

Front 20

area

Back 20

(length)(length) (for area of a square or rectangle)

Front 21

pressure

Back 21

(force)/(area)

Front 22

equation for computing dB SPL

Back 22

dB SPL = 20LOG (pressure of interest/reference pressure) = 20 microPascals

Front 23

0 dB SPL

Back 23

20 microPascals (or 20 microNewtons/meter^2)

Front 24

double pressure of interest

Back 24

adds 6 dB SPL

Front 25

can't add decibels together

Back 25

must add microPascals then convert

Front 26

add mass

Back 26

decreases frequency

Front 27

add stiffness

Back 27

increases frequency

Front 28

two sound waves 180 degrees out of phase

Back 28

opposite; cancel each other out

Front 29

destructive interference or sound cancellation

Back 29

180 degrees out of phase waves cancelling each other out

Front 30

wave interference

Back 30

constructive interference- add if in phase

destructive interference- subtract if out of phase, cancel if 90 degrees out of phase

Front 31

Fast Fourier transform (FFT)

Back 31

convert from waveform format to spectral format

Front 32

Fourier analysis

Back 32

going from time domain to frequency domain

Front 33

Fourier synthesis

Back 33

going from frequency domain to time domain

Front 34

waveform format

Back 34

Y axis dB, X axis time

Front 35

spectral format

Back 35

Y axis dB, X axis frequency (Hz)

Front 36

cycle

Back 36

wavelength- crest to crest or trough to trough

Front 37

logarithm

Back 37

the exponent to which another fixed value, the base, must be raised to produce that number

ex. log 1 = 0, log 10 = 1, log 100 = 2

Front 38

Newton

Back 38

unit of force, 1 Nt = 100,000 dynes

Front 39

octave

Back 39

measure of frequency- up one is double frequency

Front 40

major divisions of the ear

Back 40

peripheral mechanism- outer, middle, inner, VIII cranial nerve

central mechanism- brainstem and brain

Front 41

outer ear

Back 41

pinna, external ear canal, eardrum

Front 42

middle ear

Back 42

three ossicle bones (malleus, incus, stapes), two major muscles (stapedial muscle, tensor tympani), Eustachian tube

Front 43

inner ear

Back 43

cochlea (hearing; sense organ of hearing), vestibular system (balance)

Front 44

central auditory system

Back 44

brainstem and brain

Front 45

outer ear resonance

Back 45

pinna (auricle) and ear canal both influence amplification

Front 46

umbo

Back 46

where malleus attaches to timpanic membrane

Front 47

cone of light (light reflex)

Back 47

anterior-inferior quadrant; light bounces off medial wall of inner ear and bounces back, may be smaller or absent if problems/scarring

Front 48

annulus

Back 48

ring around eardrum, fastens it into place

Front 49

concha

Back 49

opening to ear

Front 50

malleus

Back 50

adds to vibratory efficiency of system

Front 51

pars tensa

Back 51

inferior part of eardrum, tense so vibrates better

Front 52

pars flaccida

Back 52

superior part of eardrum, flacis so doesn't vibrate as well

Front 53

ossicles

Back 53

-malleus, incus, stapes (hammer, anvil, stirrup)

-link tympanic membrane to oval window and cochlea, anchored by ligaments

-transfer vibration of the tympanic membrane to the inner ear or cochlea

Front 54

stapes

Back 54

transits vibration to fluid-filled chamber of cochlea

Front 55

middle ear boundaries- top

Back 55

roof: tegmen tympani

Front 56

middle ear boundaries- bottom

Back 56

floor: jugular vein below

Front 57

middle ear boundaries- anterior wall

Back 57

canal for tensor tympani, opening of auditory tube (Eustacian tube)

Front 58

middle ear boundaries- posterior wall

Back 58

mastoid air cells, VII, facial nerve canal, stapedius muscle

Front 59

middle ear boundaries- medial wall

Back 59

oval window (attaches to stapes), round window (fenestra cochlea), bump = prominance

Front 60

otitis media

Back 60

infection of the middle ear

Front 61

manubrium

Back 61

malleus handle, attached to tympanic membrane

Front 62

chambers of the cochlea

Back 62

scala vestibuli, scala tymbani, connect at helicotrema; black line is scala media

Front 63

ear drum

Back 63

tympanic membrane

Front 64

Why do infants get more ear infections?

Back 64

Eustachian tubes shorter, smaller, more horizontal

Front 65

cochlea in and out

Back 65

oval window in (from stapes), round window out

Front 66

where scala vestibuli and scala tympani connect

Back 66

helicotrema

Front 67

fluid in cochlea

Back 67

endolymph

Front 68

basilar membrane

Back 68

in cochlea, resonates; apex wider (low) and base narrower (high); divides scala vestibuli and scala tympani

Front 69

organ of Corti

Back 69

end organ of hearing

Front 70

tectorial membrane

Back 70

covers hair cells

Front 71

hair cells

Back 71

have cilia; inner and outer

Front 72

stria vascularis

Back 72

provides nutrition

Front 73

nerve fibers in organ of Corti

Back 73

sends pulse, goes to 8th nerve then brain

Front 74

outer hair cell

Back 74

works like muscle fiber, moves, efferent nerve cells, cilia embedded into tectorial membrane

Front 75

inner hair cell

Back 75

cilia near but not in contact with tectorial membrane, afferent nerve fibers

Front 76

external auditory meatus

Back 76

ear canal

Front 77

stapedius muscle

Back 77

attaches to the stapes, muscle of the inner ear

Front 78

tensor tympani

Back 78

attaches to the malleus, muscle of the inner erar