Aud 700 Hearing Science Exam 3

Front 1

Three systems that make up the speech apparatus

Back 1

Respiratory
Phonatory
Articulatory

Front 2

Respiratory System

Back 2

Lungs, rib cage, diaphragm, tissues, intercostal muscles.
An air pump providing the aerodynamic energy for the laryngeal and articulatory systems. Elastic process.
Usually passive but can be active. Ex. taking a large breath before a long sentence.

Front 3

Laryngeal System

Back 3

Job: change voiceless sounds to voiced.
The larynx is at the top of the trachea and consists of a number of cartilages and muscles. Just lateral to the vocal ligament is the internal cricoarytnoid muscles. Lateral to that is the external cricoarytnoid muscles.

Front 4

Cartilages, muscles and bones of the laryngeal system

Back 4

Cartilages: cricoid, thyroid (largest), arytenoids (on top of cricoid).
Muscles: internal and external thyroarytenoids.
Hyoid bone: one of the one free floating bones.

Front 5

Glottis

Back 5

Opening between the vocal folds.

Front 6

Lateral cricoarytenoid muscles

Back 6

Contract to adduct the vocal ligaments

Front 7

Transverse arytenoid muscle

Back 7

Only unpaired muscle. Adducts the vocal ligaments.

Front 8

Oblique arytenoid muscles

Back 8

Crossed behind transverse arytenoid muscle.

Front 9

Muscles of vocal fold adduction

Back 9

Lateral cricoarytenoids, transverse arytenoid, oblique arytenoids.

Front 10

Muscle of vocal fold abduction

Back 10

Posterior cricoarytenoids

Front 11

Articulatory system

Back 11

Tongue, lips, jaw, and velum.
The shape of the system determine the resonance properties.

Front 12

Vowels

Back 12

Voiced sounds with an open vocal tract to produce specific resonances. Always voiced. Steady-state articulatory configuration and acoustic pattern. Vowels have inherent differences in duration.

Front 13

Fricatives

Back 13

Produced with a narrow constriction in the vocal tract. Broadband noise. Voiced fricatives have extra low frequency energy.

Front 14

Stops

Back 14

A brief closure and a burst of noise. Then movement toward another vocal tract configuration. Fastest sound in connected speech, about 10-15 ms. 50 ms in isolation.

Front 15

Nasals

Back 15

Produced with the velopharynx open. Sound passes through nasal and oral tract or just nasal tract. The formants of the nasal cavity depend on the length of the cavity from the uvula to the nostrils.
Nasal formant (murmer) a band at 200-300 Hz.

Front 16

Average man's voice

Back 16

Fundamental frequency of 120 Hz and has spectral energy at 120, 240, 360, 480 and so on in harmonic steps.

Front 17

Average females voice

Back 17

About 225 Hz

Front 18

How are we able to produce intelligible speech with a variety of energy sources?

Back 18

The independence of the source and the filter.

Front 19

Formants

Back 19

The natural mode of vibration of the vocal tract. Make up the transfer function (input-output relation similar to filtering) of the vocal tract.

Front 20

Radiation characteristic

Back 20

The filtering effects when sound escapes the mouth and radiates into space. The amount of energy measured at the lips.

Front 21

Articulatory-acoustic relationship

Back 21

Front=high F2
Back=low F2
High=low F1
Low=high F1

Front 22

Lip rounding effect on formants

Back 22

Lip rounding occurs for some back and center vowels. Lip rounding extends the vocal tract, lowering all formant frequencies.

Front 23

Affricates

Back 23

Have a friction segment that is intermediate in duration between the burst for stops and the friction interval for fricatives. Combination of a stop and fricative.

Front 24

Liquids

Back 24

Lateral liquid /l/ have formants similar to nasal consonants. The rhotic consonant /r/ has a very low F3 frequency when compared to /l/. Laterals involve a splitting of the vocal tract around a midline constriction.

Front 25

Diphthongs

Back 25

Combinations of vowels. Movement of the articulators. Like vowels b/c relatively open vocal tract and well defined formant structure. Cannot be steady state acoustic features.

Front 26

Glides

Back 26

Show movement. /w/ and /j/.

Front 27

Vertical striations

Back 27

VF vibration

Front 28

Does bandwidth contribute to intelligibility?

Back 28

No

Front 29

Limitations of Simple Vowel Target Model

Back 29

Does not account for speaker variations, temporal or dynamic variations.
Inability to account for target undershoot. F2 in a CVC syllable does not reach the target value determined the the isolated vowel because of coarticulation.

Front 30

Elaborated Target Model

Back 30

The Bark transform is designed to model the normalization of acoustic data performed by the auditory system. Must be non-linear output b/c cochlea is a non-linear structure.
Trying to find: is there a key thing that helps us identify vowels?

Front 31

Dynamic Specification Model

Back 31

Temporal or dynamic information is used to identify vowels. These cues are the formant transitions into and out of a vowel steady state and the duration of the steady state. Timing is not specific to vowels!

Front 32

Vowel perception

Back 32

Constructed patterns (multiple speakers).
Templates (single speaker): pull other speakers into that template.

Front 33

How we differentiate vowels

Back 33

Formant pattern (only one we can see on a spectrogram)
Spectrum
Duration
Fundamental frequency

Front 34

Optimal octaves for /i/

Back 34

1250-2500 Hz, 2500-5000 Hz, 5000-10000 Hz

Front 35

Optimal octaves for /u/

Back 35

80-160 Hz, 160-315 Hz

Front 36

Optimal octaves for /a/

Back 36

630-1250 Hz, 1250-2500 Hz

Front 37

Does fundamental frequency vary with vowel height?

Back 37

Yes. Higher vowel=higher F0.
F0 secondary to F2 for identifying vowels.

Front 38

Formant bandwidth

Back 38

Increases with damping. Increases with formant number. Dulling of formant spectrum.

Front 39

Relationship between formant bandwidth and amplitude

Back 39

Increased bandwidth leads to reduction in overall amplitude.

Front 40

Compare diphthongs and vowels

Back 40

Similarities: voicing and open vocal tract.
Differences: no steady state info.

Front 41

Consonants involve

Back 41

1. Noise generation
2. A period of complete obstruction
3. A narrowing of the vocal tract
4. Strictly oral
5. Nasal
6. Voiced vs. voiceless

Front 42

Acoustic properties of stop consonants

Back 42

1. Stop gap
2. Release burst
3. Formant transition- out of a stop into a vowel.
4. Voicing

Front 43

Stop gap

Back 43

The acoustic interval corresponding to the articulatory occlusion. 50-100 msec. If there is nothing ahead of the stop you can't tell where the stop starts (voiceless).

Front 44

The three places of occlusion for stop consonants

Back 44

Bilabial
Alveolar
Velar

Front 45

Stop consonant release burst

Back 45

The transient that is produced on release of the occlusion and is no more than 40 msec in duration. Fastest acoustic event in speech production.

Front 46

Stop identification using a simplified burst cue and the following vowel.

Back 46

1. Bursts with a center frequency lower than the vowel F2 were identified as /p/ (bilabial).
2. Bursts with a center frequency close to F2 were identified as /k/ (velar).
3. Bursts with a center frequency higher than the vowel F2 were identified as /t/ (alveolar).

Front 47

Stop aspiration

Back 47

Voiceless stops have aspirated releases except when they follow /s/.

Front 48

VOT

Back 48

Voice onset time. The interval between the articulatory release of the stop and the onset of vocal fold vibrations. For voiced stops -20 msec to +20 msec VOT. For voiceless stops 25 msec to 100 msec VOT.

Front 49

Problems with the simple vowel target

Back 49

1. Assumes that the vowel is invariant across phonetic contexts and defined by a static vocal tract shape or by a point in the F1-F2 plane.
2. Inability to account for target undershoot of F2 in a CVC syllable.
3. Cannot account for temporal or dynamic variations.