Attitudes - Psychology Semester 2 Exam Unit 1 & 2

Front 1

Attitude

Back 1

a consistent evaluation (judgment) a person makes about an object, a person, a group, an event, or issue that involves a reaction (likes, dislikes and non-involvement)

Front 2

Tri-component model

Back 2

Affective. Behavioural. Cognitive.

Front 3

Tri-component model ABC definitions

Back 3

Affective - emotional reactions or feelings an individual has towards an object….. Behavioural - Way attitude is expressed through our actions/behaviour. Cognitive Component - Beliefs we have about an object, person, event or issue based on what we know and experiences.

Front 4

Limitations of Tri-component Model

Back 4

components of an attitude are inconsistent (some psychologist think only affective and cognitive component exists as a person’s behaviour doesn’t always reflect their attitude.

Front 5

Cognitive Dissonance

Back 5

Aware of inconsistencies within our attitudes (behave different from way we actually believe we should behave) feel psychological tension or uncomfortable.

Front 6

Factors Influencing Attitude Formation

Back 6

Classical Conditioning

Operant Conditioning

Observation Learning/Modeling

Front 7

Classical Conditioning

Back 7

Learning process involving association of 2 different stimuli. Unconditioned stimulus (e.g: hungry eat food) is paired with neutral stimulus to elicit a conditioned response.

Front 8

Operant Conditioning (Rewards and Punishments)

Back 8

Learning process involving repetition of a behaviour/attitude when there is a desirable consequence and non-repetition when there is an undesirable consequence.

Front 9

Observation Learning/Modeling:

Back 9

Observing another person’s (model) behaviour and their consequences to guide future thought, feelings and behaviors. The person observed is the role model.

Front 10

Stereotypes

Back 10

A collection of beliefs that we haves about the people who belong to a certain group, regardless of differences among members of that group.

Front 11

Stereotyping

Back 11

the process of grouping or ‘fitting’ people into a category based on what we call as stereotyping.

Front 12

How can stereotypes be helpful?

Back 12

Stereotypes help us to make sense of our world by giving it order. They provide us with a general system which guides our interactions with others.

Front 13

Problems with stereotypes

Back 13

1) can be inaccurate. 2) Can lead to stigmatisation (stigma: negative label associated with disapproval or rejection by others who are not labeled in that way. Can refer to groups of people. e.g: race).

Front 14

Prejudice

Back 14

Prejudice is an unjustified or incorrect attitude (usually negative) towards an individual based solely on the individual's membership of a social group.

Front 15

Discrimination

Back 15

Discrimination is the behavior or actions, usually negative, towards an individual or group of people, especially on the basis of sex/race/social class, etc.

Front 16

Ingroup

Back 16

any group that you belong to or identify with.

Front 17

Outgroup

Back 17

any group you do not belong to or identify.

Front 18

Intergroup Conflict

Back 18

Occurs when members of different groups compete to achieve or control something that is wanted by both groups.

Front 19

Attributions

Back 19

Process of trying to explain behaviour in terms of particular cause.

Internal: internal factors, blame ourselves.

External: behaviour to external (environmental) factors.

Front 20

Attributions

a) fundamental attribution error:

Back 20

Gilbert & Malone (1996) and Ross (1977) found people tend to overestimate the influence of personal characteristics.

Front 21

Attributions

b) Just world hypothesis:

Back 21

based on a belief that people get what they deserve.

Front 22

Factors that may reduce prejudice

Back 22

-Intergroup contact

-Sustained contact

-Mutual interdependence

-Superordinate goals

-Equality of Status

-Cognitive Interventions