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100 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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pressure flight instruments (3)
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ASI / MM
Altimeter VSI |
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Pressure instruments measure … by using the …., which is a ... system
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atmospheric pressure
pitot-static system combined sensor |
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pitot-static system detects (2)
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total pressure (pitot)
Static pressure alone |
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The ASI measures ... as the difference between
the ... measured in the instrument's capsule/diaphragm and the ... measured in the case. |
dynamic pressure
total pitot pressure static pressure |
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airspeed indicator (ASI) instrument errors
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PIM
Density Compressibility Blockage |
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VMO display @ ASI
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redlblack striped pointer
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Mach meter is a combined … and ...
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airspeed indicator
altimeter |
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Mach meter measures the ... relative to ....
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airspeed
the speed of sound |
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Mach meter has (1) :
A capsule feed with ... inside an ... feed case that acts as an ... and measures ... |
pitot pressure
ambient static pressure ASI dynamic pressure |
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Mach meter has (2) :
A sealed capsule containing ... inside the ... feed case, which acts as an ... by measuring the ... |
ISA MSL conditions
ambient static pressure altimeter static pressure |
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Mach meter ratio ?
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Dynamic Px / Static Px
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the two functions inside the Mach meter are linked via a ... that itself acts on a … to ultimately move the pointer
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ratio arm
ranging arm |
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No … input @ Mach Meter bcz
... |
temp
mathematically proven MM = Dynamic Px / Static Px |
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Mach meter Errors :
(3) no … and … errors |
Instrument
Px error (also Position / config) Blockage density / compressibility |
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IMR is mach no. corrected for …
TMN is corrected for ... |
instrument error
static & position |
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Mach meter components (3)
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one Capsule fed with P+S
one Capsule filled with ISA MSL one Case fed with S |
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Actions @ Pitot/Static blockage
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anti ice
alternate use limited panel fly constant alt/power setting |
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Altimeter has a … filled with ….
and a …. fed with ... |
aneroid capsule
ISA MSL conditions case / ambient static pressure |
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A subscale setting device is included in Altimeters so that the instrument can be ... to ...
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zeroed
various datum elevations |
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Airfield QFE is measured at the ………...
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highest point on the airfield
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Touchdown QFE is measured at the ………….
is use for ... |
touchdown point of the runway
precision approaches. |
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QNE is not … but is the ... on the altimeter with ... set on the subscale.
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an altimeter setting
height shown at touchdown STD |
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Altimeter Errors (6)
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Position & Instrument
Temp / Density / Barometric Time lag Blockage |
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@ static blockage the altimeter will display …….
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the altitude where the blockage occurred
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altimeter will …. in a colder than ISA conditions
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over read (bad)
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servo-assisted altimeters use …. arrangement.
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an electrically conducted E&I bar
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servo-assisted altimeters advantage:
reduced …. bcz an electric signal ……….. |
lag
transmits capsule changes to pointer . |
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Sensitive altimeter has …. and a ….
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2 capsules
vibrator |
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The VSI instrument measures the ….
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rate of change of static pressure
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VSI mechanism
static Px is fed to both … and … . However the … is restricted by a .. unit . |
capsule / case
case / metering unit |
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static pressure feed into the case is ... by a ..., thus creating a ... between the capsule and the case.
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restricted or slowed
metering unit differential static pressure |
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VSI instrument errors (3)
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time lag
Pressure error Maneuver error |
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The VSI uses a ... display that has a ... at ... of climb or descent values
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logarithmic scale
greater sensitivity small rate |
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IVSI uses… which are …. in the static line before the …
causing ... to be sensed due to their inertia |
two dashpots
spring-loaded capsule an immediate differential pressure |
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IVSI advantage
IVSI disadvantage |
no time lag
initial unreliability @ large AOBs |
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Static blockage @ (I)VSI
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zero indication @ all times
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Types of temp measurement
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Prob → by air stream
flat plate sensors |
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Types of Temp measuring probes
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Rosemount
Total head thermometer |
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Rosemount temp probe
has a …. accrete @ …. |
accurate sensing element
airflow |
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Total head thermometer
principle : …. |
resistance → prop to temp
controlling an electrical signal |
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IOAT , TAT, OAT , SAT
relationship |
TAT > IOAT > SAT > OAT
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Air data computer is fed with ….
to calculate ….(4) and to pass these info to ….(5) |
pitot/ static
TAS/ MN/ ROC/ TAT AP/ FDS/ FMS/ GPWS/ Nav aids |
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gyro flight instruments(3)
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Directional indicator (DI)
Artificial horizon (AH) Turn and slip indicator |
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A gyroscope is a …. that possesses the gyroscopic properties ... and ...
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freely rotating wheel
rigidity precession. |
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A gyroscope measures the ... on its ... during a maneuver of an aircraft.
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force experienced
rotor body |
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The rotor of a gyro is suspended in a system of frames called … which are arranged at ... to each other
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gimbals
right angles |
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The gyro's rigidity property allows it to … and its …. to …..
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remain stable in space
axis of rotation point at constant direction |
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A gyro's precession is the ……..
causing the gyro to move …. from …… in …. |
change in the orientation of the rotational axis
90 degrees applied force position direction of rotation |
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In flight , TAT is only a function of … and ... is not considered when calculating OAT
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ram effect ion of the air entering the probe
pitot heat |
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gyroscopic wander is ... of the ... away from ...
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any movement
gyroscope's spin axis its fixed direction |
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gyroscope caging system is used to …. the gyro ….. thus preventing it from … when ….
and helps …….. after a restart . |
lock / in fixed position
toppling / not in use quick full erection |
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real wander is also called ...
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mechanical drift.
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Real wander is when …...
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the direction of spin axis actually moves
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apparent wander of a gyroscope is due to ….
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earth rotation
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the degree of apparent wander of a gyroscope varies with … and is …. to it.
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latitude
proportional |
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apparent wander formula
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15 Sin Lat per hour
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a … used to produce an opposite site error to earth's rotation at …… .
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lat nut
15 Sin Lat per hour |
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apparent wander correction methods (2)
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periodically realigning the DI
using a Lat Nut |
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Real wander reasons (2)
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induced (lat nut)
imperfections in the gyroscope |
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Wander in Horizontal is ….
Wander in Vertical is …. |
drift
topple |
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Transport wander on an uncorrected gyro is caused by …… due to ….
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ini'l N.alignment being disturbed
E/W movement |
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Flying …. won't produce Transport wander .
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N/S
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Gyro's Total wander is ...
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apparent + transport
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Transport Rate is ………...
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change in Long/ hr/ sin mean Lat
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Space gyro in a gyro that …..
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moves in all planes
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Tied gyro moves in …. however …...
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3 planes freely
controlled spin axis |
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earth gyro has ….. which is …..
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spin axis
aligned to local gravity |
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Rate gyro moves in …..
has a …. response |
2 plane @ 90 deg
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Rate gyro indicates ……….
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Rate of change of angle vs. time
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Rate integrating gyroscope is a ... with a built in....
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rate gyro
integrator |
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Rate integrating gyro is used for its … and …..
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accuracy
exaggeration of movement |
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directional indicator (DI) is a gyroscope that displays the ... using a … display .
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aircraft's heading
compass rose |
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directional indicator (DI) uses a ….. which is …..
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tied gyro
tied to the earth's horizontal |
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directional indicator (DI) has …. gimbals and …. plane of freedom
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2
3 (gyro's axis + gimbals roll & pitch) |
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directional indicator (DI)'s gyro is alined to ….
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T.North
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DI errors (2)
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gyro system failure
total wander error |
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DI vs. Magnetic compass
gives …. which is due to …. |
steadier heading information
gyro's rigidity |
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Artificial Horizon is the …..
displays …. about …. |
primary attitude instrument
roll & pitch info horizon level |
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Artificial Horizon (AH) has a …. gyro aligned to …..
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earth
earth's vertical |
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Artificial Horizon (AH) has … gimbals and … DOF
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2
two |
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Artificial Horizon (AH) errors
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Turning errors
Acceleration errors Real wander (vertical alignment) |
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Artificial Horizon (AH)
turning error only when passing …. |
90 / 270
(NU / low ) (NU / correct) |
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failed artificial horizon
indications |
low suction reading
warning flag |
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failed artificial horizon
action |
re-errect by caging-uncaging
while straight & level constant speed |
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electrically driven artificial horizons
rotor rotats … @ … RPM |
clockwise
22000 (x2 air driven) |
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electrically driven artificial horizons:
fast electric erection , therefore no need for ….. |
gyro to be pendulous
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electrically driven artificial horizons:
acceleration / turning errors ? |
reduced / eliminated
(No pendulosity ) |
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electrically driven artificial horizons:
freedom of pitch/ roll |
-/+ 85 pitch
unlimited roll |
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attitude directional indicator (ADI) also called ….
It's … ... |
remote AH
servo driven |
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attitude directional indicator (ADI) is fed from ...
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INS / IRS
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attitude directional indicator (ADI) advantages
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no accel / turn errors
dual system → redundancy |
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Turn → movement about the ….
result → ….. |
aircraft yaw axis
change of direction |
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Slip → ….. force …. turn
Cause → …. |
lateral
INTO too much bank |
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Skid → ….. force …. turn
Cause → …. |
lateral
OUT OF insufficient bank |
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Turn Coordinator uses a …. gyro
with axis aligned with ... |
Rate
AC lateral axis |
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Turn Coordinator's gyro rotate about a … axis
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horizontal
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Turn Coordinator has … gimbal pivoted about ….
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one
AC fore and aft axis |
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Turn Coordinator gyro system has … DOF
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Two
spin axis + yaw axis of gimbal |
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Turn Coordinator's gimbal is …. to … (with respect to turn indicator ) so it's sensitive to ….
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raised
30 degreas both yaw and roll |
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Turn indicator gyro suffers form (3)
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real wander
gyro system failure looping error (inherent des. error) |
