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166 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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N. 1st law of motion
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rest @ rest
motion @ straight line unless acted upon |
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chord line
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st. line LE to TE
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Mean Chord Line
also ..... |
STD Mean Chord
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Mean Chord Line
= .... |
Wing area / Wingspan
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Mean Camber Line
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L to T edge
Equi.dist U&L surface |
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AOI
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Chord line
to Long. datum |
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AOA
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Chord line
to R. airflow |
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Stall always @ same ...
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AOA
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every AOA ⇒ associated ...
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IAS
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Critical Angle ⇒ ...
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Max lift
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CP ⇒ .... act @.
prop to ⇒ ... |
lift
AOA |
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Lift:
force at .... to .... max at ... |
right angle
R.airflow rotation |
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Climb Power req'ed is more bcz
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Drag
W comp |
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to balance to PM
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T.plane
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Load Factor
2 formula |
L/W
1/ COS AOB |
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Turn Radius
formula |
TAS / ROT x 60 x ∏
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.... has the max effect on T.radius
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IAS
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max rate turn @ stall speed
depends on |
AOB
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Aspect Ratio
2 formulas |
W.span/chord
W.span^2 / W.area |
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Taper Ratio
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Root / tip
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Problem with Hi Taper Ratio
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Tip Stall
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Finness ratio
amount of ... =... |
streamlining
chord L / Max thickness |
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Thickness Chord Ratio
it is ... @ thin wing that gives ........ |
low
min airflow accel |
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Thickness Chord Ratio
expressed as ... |
a percentage of the chord length.
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to ensure optimum lift distribution across W.span
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Twist camber
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long. dihedral
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decalage
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washout ?
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a decrease in AOI
Root to Tip |
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Normal wing stall:
... first CP moves ... predictable:Yes/No |
Root
RWD (back) Yes |
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swept wing stall:
... first CP moves ... predictable:Yes/No |
Tip
FWD (front) No |
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New stall speed
2 formula |
New Vs=Old Vs / LF
=Old Vs x (√new Wt. /org Wt) |
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Mcrit is the Max .... before ... and ...
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MN
shockwave & buffet |
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effect of swept wing on:
AR |
inc
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effect of swept wing on:
Effective camber |
inc
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effect of swept wing on:
Mcrit |
inc (good!)
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effective chord wise component?
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as sensed by wing
90 deg to LE |
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effective chord wise component
@ swept wing |
decreased ( good)
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swept angle
is between .... and .... |
line imposed on 25% aft of LE
Ac lateral axis |
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swept wing as a higher V.... which delays the ....
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Vimd
Hi speed drag |
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swept disadvantages
less.... .... oscillation |
lift
dutch roll |
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swept disadvantages
large ....... ... stall |
wingtip vortices
wingtip |
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swept disadvantages
flap effect on .....and .... |
integrity
stress limits |
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swept disadvantages
needs .... |
pusher/ shaker
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wing tip stall preventation
(4) |
inc w.tip camber
winglets tip fences vortex gen |
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NACA 4 dig airfoil defines?
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overal shape
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NACA 4 dig airfoil?
2 feature |
maximizing laminar flow
better hi speed perf. |
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Supercritical aerofoil
round ... flatter ... .... at the back ....& .... TE to inc... |
LE
upper surface critical mach point sharp / dn curving / lift |
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Drag rise @ .... aerosols is delayed to is speed
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peaky aerofoil
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wing bend relief?
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spread total weight
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L/D is a measure of ... efficiency
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aerodynamics
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Max L/D ratio
only at one ... |
AOA
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Max L/D ratio
does not affected by ...or ... |
hight
weight |
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IAS @ Max L/D
in proportional to ... |
weight
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CL vs. Stall speed
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Inversely proportional
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min drag is @ max ....
⇒ V... |
L/D
Vimd |
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parasite drag :
(3) |
form
skin fric interference |
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LSS
formula |
38.94 √T(k)
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Mach No. shows the .... to ....
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proximity
hi speed buffet |
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shockwaves appear @ max ...
(wing) |
camber
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passing Mcrit ⇒ CP moves ...
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RWD (back)
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Mcrit vs. Alt
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inversely proportional
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Airflow sep bcz of shockwave?
Reduce by ? |
Wave drag
Sharp LE / min camber(thin) |
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Low spd/ Hi spd buffet
vs Weight |
Low speed ⇒prop to Wt
Hi speed ⇒ constance @ all Wt's ! |
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coffin corner :
also |
buffet onset
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Buffet boundaries:
provide a safe ... btw ... and ... |
margin
low spd / hi spd buffet |
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Buffet boundaries:
altitude limits depend on... |
Weight
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Buffet boundary charts
shows ..... for ..... |
able room for maneuver
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Buffet boundary charts
1G corresponds to .... or ... |
St. & level
nil turb |
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Buffet boundary charts
1.3G corresponds to .... or ... |
40 AOB
mod turb |
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Buffet boundary charts
1.6G corresponds to .... or ... |
50 AOB
hvy turb |
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Speed margin envelope
contained by its ...and ...speed limits, |
upper
lower |
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Speed margin envelope
could be btw : 1. .... and ... 2. ... and ... |
Vs / Vdf , Mdf
1.2/3 Vs / Vmo, Mmo |
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Operatin within LF limits guarantee no ....
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permanent dmg
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ultimate load = ...
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1.5 LF
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Hi speed stall is @ ... region
@ any ... |
transonic
AOA |
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Hi speed stall causes a ... PM
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ND
(RWD CP) |
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supper stall is loss of .... effectiveness
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T.tail
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Jet upset:
.... fluctuation near ... |
AS
CC |
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Grave Yard Spiral
created at ......... |
large AOB
Hi Speed descent |
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Grave Yard Spiral
what happens ? |
elev up ⇒ tightens the turn
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Dutch roll preventation
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Larg V.stab
Yaw damper opp AILERON |
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Static Stability is the .... with ...
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initial tendency
no input |
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Dynamic stab is the ....
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subsequent reaction with respect to time
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Effect of Hi alt flight
stability ? |
reduced
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Effect of Hi alt flight
AD damping |
reduced
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Effect of Hi alt flight
speed operation range |
small
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Effect of Hi alt flight
maneuverability |
reduced
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Effect of Hi alt flight
Oscillatory stability?cus? |
lower
cus: less fin eff |
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Effect of Hi alt flight
spiral stab?cus? |
increased
higher wing lat stab |
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spiral stab is
tendency to ... |
return wings level
after ailerons neutral |
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spiral stab ⇒ dominant ....
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lateral surface
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longitudinal stability
restoration of the ..... by ... |
original pitch att
tail plane |
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longitudinal stability
to maintain .... |
trimmed AOA/B
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Directional stab
is by .... behind and below ... |
ventral fin
CG |
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directional stability:
tendency to regain... after the aircraft directionally disturbed from its straight path |
direction (heading)
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Spiral instability:
increase of .... followed by a ... that leads to .... |
turn steepness
nose dip spiral dive |
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spiral instab is due to
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dominant fin
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lateral stability is caused by
(2) |
dihedral effect
keel surface(fin) |
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spiral stability vs. oscillatory stability
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always oppose each other
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Phogoid
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alti and spd oscillation
about long. flight path |
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Relaxed static stability (RSS)
lest ... ........... device small..... |
static stab
computer + augmentation T.size |
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Neutral longitudinal pitch stability
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artificially by computers
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region of reversed command
behind.... where ... needs ... |
drag curve
slower speed / more power |
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absolute ceiling
highest altitude the AC .... |
can sustain level flight
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absolute ceiling
maximum... equals... |
thrust available
minimum thrust required |
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absolute ceiling
Max ROC = ... |
Zero
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absolute ceiling
max clime power gives .... |
level flight
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absolute ceiling
no ... ... available |
excess
power |
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Aerodynamic Ceiling
occurs at .... only |
one speed
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Aerodynamic Ceiling
...and ... occur coin- cidentally. |
Mach number buffet
prestall buffet |
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Aerodynamic Ceiling
is the ... at jet |
coffin corner
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Service Ceiling
...altitude of an aircraft. |
maximum usable
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Service Ceiling
Is a ... altitude |
density
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Service Ceiling
Max climb power gives ... |
100 fpm for prop
500 fpm for jet |
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Service Ceiling
criteria : (3) |
clean config
max wt al engines operative |
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SAR
formula |
TAS/fuel flow
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SGR
formula |
GS / fuel flow
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Specific Range
vs. alt |
prop
(TAS inc) |
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Specific Range
vs Wt. |
i-prop
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Specific Range
vs. Temp |
i-prop
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Max SAR
@ low alt : @ hi alt |
low : 1.32 Vimd
hi : Vimd |
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Specific Endurance
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Flight time / Fuel flow
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Best SFC @ ... .... level
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optimum cruise
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const index = ...
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Time cost (cost/hr) / fuel cost
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CI is proportional to ....
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speed
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CI controls .../... cost vs. ...
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time/ maintenance
fuel |
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CI is the ratio of .... cost to .... cost
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time related
fuel |
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Zero Cost Index (CI=0) means
no ... max... min... |
time cost
range AS trip fuel |
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Max Cost Index means
max... ignoring the .... |
flight envelope speed
cost of fuel |
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Use Hi CI When ....
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Hi direct time cost
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Best ROC (jet)
most ... per ... |
alt gain
time |
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Best ROC (jet)
is to get higher ... |
quicker
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Best ROC (jet)
less ...... over trip |
fuel burnt
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Best ROC (jet)
max excess ... |
power
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Best Gradient of clime (AOC)
max exces ... |
thrust
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Best Gradient of clime (AOC)
most ... gain per ... |
alt
horizontal distance |
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Best Gradient of clime (AOC)
get higher over.... |
less distance
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most efficient climb is .... climb
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cruis
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Best ROC is at ... speed
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Vy
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Best AOC is at ... speed
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Vx
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Cruise (step) climb:
During cruise AC loses ... allows AC to fly ... |
Wt
Higher |
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Step climb is at .... ft intervals
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4000
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Step climb is ... % of cruise climb efficiency along with ... compliance
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95
ATC restriction |
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Each Wt is corresponding to its:
obt ... max ... best ... |
alt
SR SFC |
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Vimd vs wt ?
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proportional
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crossover altitude is altitude @which
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IAS TAS = MN TAS
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crossover altitude vs. Temp ?
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proportional
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Max Range (jet)
max ... for .... |
distance
available fuel |
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Max Range (jet)
flown at ... spd |
1.32 Vimd
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Max Range (jet)
is max IAS for least ... /.../ ... |
thrust
drag fuel cost |
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@ Max Range (jet)
speed stability is ... |
low
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@ constant altitude
Max Range MN vs. Wt? |
prop
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@ constant Wt.
Max Range MN vs alt ? |
prop
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For a Prop,
max rang is at ........ alt and flown at ... speed |
most efficient engine
Vimd |
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Tangent on the power required curve shows
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Max L/D
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@constant MN cruis
Power ... as Wt ... |
dec
dec |
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most efficiente compromise of spd and rng is cruising @ ...
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constant MN
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Max Endurance (jet)
speed for ....... as much as possible |
airborn
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Max Endurance
for jet at ... speed |
Vimd
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Max Endurance
for prop at ... speed |
Vimp
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Glide Endurance
Higher wt gives a ... and ... |
faster As
less time |
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Glide Endurance vs. Wt
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i-prop
heavy AC ⇒ less endure |
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Glide Endurance vs. Wind
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No effect
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Glide Range vs. Wt.
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no effect
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Glide Range
heavy AC flies ... but gives the same ... |
faster
distance/path |
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Rotation Rate at excessive performance conditions
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increased
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Aerodynamic contrails is duo to ........ that leads to .... and is more in .. cond's
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local Px drop
water condensation humid |
