Athletic Training Chapter 14: The Knee/knee Injuries

Front 1

What are the bones of the knee joint?

Back 1

The femur, tibia, and patella.

Front 2

What is the patella?

Back 2

It is a sesamoid bone.

Front 3

What is the function of the patella?

Back 3

It attaches the quadriceps to front of tibia and protects anterior aspect of the knee joint.

Front 4

What is a sesamoid?

Back 4

A floating bone.

Front 5

What is the largest sesamoid in the body?

Back 5

The patella.

Front 6

What are the Ligaments in the knee?

Back 6

Medial Collateral ligament, Lateral Collateral Ligament, Anterior Cruciate Ligament, and the Posterior Cruciate Ligament.

Front 7

What is the function of the Medial Collateral Ligament?

Back 7

Provides stability to the medial aspect of the knee.

Front 8

What is the function of the Lateral Collateral Ligament?

Back 8

Provides stability to the lateral aspect of the knee.

Front 9

What is the function of the Anterior Cruciate Ligament?

Back 9

Keeps tibia from moving forward on the femur.

Front 10

What is the function of the Posterior Cruciate Ligament?

Back 10

Prevents tibia from moving backward on the femur.

Front 11

What is the tough cartilage tissue of the knee called?

Back 11

Menisci

Front 12

Where are the menisci located?

Back 12

The two menisci of the knee are located on the proximal ends of the tibia.

Front 13

What is the function of the menisci?

Back 13

prevents breakdown of bone and stabilize joint.

Front 14

What are characteristics of the medial menisci?

Back 14

It is shaped like a "c".
More firmly fixed to the tibia than the Lateral Meniscus.
Attached to the Medial Collateral Ligament, and therefore is more injury prone.

Front 15

What are characteristics of the lateral menisci?

Back 15

It is an outside "o" shaped cartilage.
Has more freedom of movement.
Has less risk of injury.

Front 16

How many muscles are in the knee?

Back 16

7 basic muscles.

Front 17

What are the hamstring muscles?

Back 17

Biceps femoris, semimembranosus, semitendinosus.

Front 18

What are the quadricep muscles?

Back 18

vastus medialis, vastus laterlis, vastus intermedius, and rectus femoris.

Front 19

What is the function of the biceps femoris?

Back 19

Flexion of the knee.

Front 20

What is the function of the semimembranosus?

Back 20

Flexion of the knee.

Front 21

What is the function of the semitendenosus?

Back 21

Flexion of the knee.

Front 22

What is the function of the vastus medialis?

Back 22

Extention of the knee.

Front 23

What is the function fo the vastus intermedius?

Back 23

Extention of the knee

Front 24

What is the function of the vastus lateralis?

Back 24

Extention of the knee.

Front 25

What is the function of the restuc femoris?

Back 25

Flexion of the hip and extention of the knee.

Front 26

What is the function of the Iliotibial Band?

Back 26

The ITB is a tough connective tissue for the tensor fasiae latae and gluteus maximus.
Abducts the hip.
Provides lateral support of the knee.
Attaches indirectly into the distal femur, crosses the knee, and inserts into the proximal aspect of the fibula.

Front 27

What is the Patellar Tendon?

Back 27

It runs from patella to it's attachment on the tibial tuberosity.
Common site of injury.

Front 28

How many bursa sacs are int eh knee?

Back 28

13

Front 29

What are the bursa sacs?

Back 29

The Bursa sacs are fluid filled sacs used to reduce friction within the knee.
They are located on the bone where tendons attach.
They secrete synovial fluid.

Front 30

What is valgus stress?

Back 30

A lateral to medial force.

Front 31

What is varus stress?

Back 31

A medial to lateral force.

Front 32

What is the mechanism of an ACL sprain?

Back 32

Quickly changing directions and twisting lower leg.
Hyperextension.
May be accompanied by a popping sound.

Front 33

What are the symptoms/signs of an ACL sprain?

Back 33

Athlete is usually disabled, compains of knee giving away, collapsing, and popping.
Rapid edema and loss of knee function.

Front 34

What is the treatment for an ACL sprain?

Back 34

PRICE, immobilization, crutches.
Orthopedist referral necessary for surgical reconstruction.

Front 35

What is the mechanism of a PCL sprain?

Back 35

Athlete falls and a bent knee bears all weight.
Forceful hyperflexion.
Blow to anterior aspect of tibia.

Front 36

What are the symptoms/signs of a PCL sprain?

Back 36

May hear a pop, little swelling

Front 37

What is the treatment for a PCL sprain?

Back 37

PRICE, MD referral, can be rehabilitated without surgery.

Front 38

What is the emchanism of a MCL sprain?

Back 38

Blow to lateral aspect of knee.
Medial meniscus will most likely be injured as well because it is connected to the MCL.

Front 39

What are the signs and symptoms of a first degree MCL sprain?

Back 39

medial joint-line pain, little swelling, no joint laxity, full extension and flexion, discoloration.

Front 40

What are the signs and symptoms of a second degree MCL sprain?

Back 40

Mild swelling, discomfort, some joint laxity, discoloration.

Front 41

What are the signs/symptoms of a thrid degree MCL sprain?

Back 41

moderate to severe swelling, loss of function, great deal of joint laxity.

Front 42

What is the treatment for a MCL sprain?

Back 42

PRICE for first 72 hours.
IMRPRESS after 72 hours.
Mild injury may only need elastic wrap.
Severe injury should have knee immobillizer.

Front 43

What is the mechanism for a LCL sprain?

Back 43

A blow to the medial aspect of knee.

Front 44

What are the signs/symptoms of a LCL sprain?

Back 44

swelling, discoloration, discomfort, increasing joint laxity with increased degree of injury, loss of function.

Front 45

What is the treatment for a LCL sprain?

Back 45

PRICE for first 72 hours.
IMPRESS after 72 hours.
Elastic wrap or knee immobilizer depending on severity of injury.

Front 46

What is Patellar Tendonitis?

Back 46

Overuse disorder.
A.K.A. jumper's knee.
Quad weakness and tenderness over patellar tendon, minimal edema.
Treatment consists of ice, and restriction of activity level.

Front 47

What is Patellar-Femoral Syndrome?

Back 47

A.K.A. Chondromalacia.
Softening/wearing away of cartilage on the back of the patella.
Symptoms include pain and discomfort around the patella caused by patellar tracking problems.
Grinding sensation with flexion and extension.
Treatment consists of correcting patellar tracking problems, strengthening vastus medialis muscle, and developing flexibility of quads and hamstrings.

Front 48

What is a Patella dislocation?

Back 48

When the patella is forced to lateral aspect of knee, usually when the knee is bent and forced to twist inward.
EMS should be called immediately and athlete should be immobilized to prevent further patellar injury.
The treatment includes short immobilization, and strengthening around knee joint.

Front 49

What are meniscal injuries?

Back 49

Medial or lateral meniscal tear caused by a twisting movement of the knee or with hyperflexion/extension injuries.
Signs and symptoms include pain at joint line, problems weight bearing on it, clicking/cathcing/locking of joint, walk with a limp, unable to fully extend and flex knee, edema.
Used to be treated by a meniscectomy, Arthroscopic surgery is now used in which small instruments are used to enter the knee through tiny holes and only the small amount of torn meniscus is taken out.

Front 50

What is Osgood-Schlatter Disorder?

Back 50

It is an irritation to the tibial tuberosity caused by repetitive stress on the soft adolescent bones which can cause patellar tendon to partically pull away from bone.
Signs and symptoms include edema, pain and tenderness during activity and discomfort.
Treatment includes modification of activitiy to prevent further injury until healed. Conditionoften improves at age 16 or 17.
Bony growth may form at top of tibia even after symptoms disappear.