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129 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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True or False: Diagnostic cytology offers significant time savings in the differentiation between inflammatory diseases and cancer. |
True. |
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True or False: When examining cellular detail of a cytology sample, it is wise to use the 10x objective. |
False. |
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Possible reasons for not getting an answer from an FNA include which of the following except: A) Hemorrhage resulting dilution of other constituents by blood elements. B) Improper handling. C) Aspiration of the wrong area. D) deterioration of the sample. E) None of the above. |
E) None of the above. All of the options can result in not getting an answer from an FNA. |
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True or False: When performing a fine needle aspirate, the best technique is to direct the needle into the mass one time and then remove the needle from the animal. |
False. |
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The study of cells is known as what? |
Cytology. |
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When collecting cytology samples, all of the following are potential causes of error except: A) Few cells obtained. B) Blood contamination. C) Poorly prepared slides. D) Using brand new slides. |
D) Using brand new slides. |
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True or False: Cytology seldom will provide a definitive diagnosis when used as the sole diagnostic test, as other tests may be needed. |
True. |
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True or False: It is ok to send cytology samples and formalin fixed samples to a reference laboratory in the same box, as long as they are wrapped and addressed properly. |
False. |
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If a diagnosis of cancer is confirmed, cytologic findings can provide information for all of the following except: A) Overall health of the animal. B) Staging, prognosis, and detection of metastasis. C) Selection and assessment of treatment. D) Detection of recurrence. E) None of the above. |
A) Overall health of the animal. |
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When sending biopsy samples in to the lab, all of the following are always necessary except: A) Name of patient. B) Breed of patient. C) Age of patient. D) Location of lesion. E) None of the above. |
E) None of the above. All of the above information should be included on the label. |
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What is the term for variable size and shape in cells of the same type? |
Pleomorphism. |
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Taking a section of liver would be which of the following: A) Incisional biopsy. B) Excisional biopsy. C) Punch biopsy. D) Exfoliative cytology. E) None of the above. |
A) Incisional biopsy. |
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True or False: Collection of exfoliative cytology samples always require at least local anesthetic of the site. |
False. |
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True or False: In general, skin biopsies are not performed as often as they should be in veterinary medicine. |
True. |
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Which of the following is an example of a malignant connective tissue tumor? A) Fibrosarcoma B) Adenocarcinoma C) Mast Cell Tumor D) Papilloma E) None of the Above |
A) Fibrosarcoma. |
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Which of the following agents can cause inflammatory lesions in the skin? A) Bacteria B) Fungi C) Foreign Bodies D) Parasites E) All of the Above |
E) All of the above. |
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What is the most common form of treatment for cancer in small animals? |
Surgery. |
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True or False: Biopsy and aspiration are inter-changeable terms. |
False. |
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Unusual complications from a biopsy sample collection might include which of the following? A) Minor Hemorrhage. B) Infection. C) Possible Dissemination of Neoplastic Cells. D) All of the Above |
D) All of the above. |
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Which of the following organs can be easily aspirated? A) Adrenal Gland. B) Liver C) Pituitary D) All of the Above. |
B) Liver. |
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Which of the following is the least common granulocyte? A) Monocyte B) Basophil C) Eosinophil D) Metarubricyte |
B) Basophil. |
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What causes dark granules called Dohle bodies in the cytoplasm of canine neutrophils? |
Toxemia. |
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Which of the following WBCs tend to have a kidney bean shaped nucleus? A) Band Neutrophils B) Myelocytes C) Metamyelocytes D) Segmented Neutrophils |
C) Metamyelocytes |
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What is the term for a variation in erythrocyte size? |
Anisocytosis. |
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A leukocyte count can be falsely elevated by which of the following in the peripheral blood? A) Spherocytes B) Reticulocytes C) Metarubricytes D) Bands E) None of the Above |
C) Metarubricytes. |
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A leukogram that shows a decrease in WBCs along with an increase in bands is termed what? |
A Degenerative Left Shift. |
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Which of the following are not associated with leukemia? A) Neoplastic proliferation of hematopoietic cells. B) Classified into myeloproliferative and lymphoproliferative disorders. C) Normal order of maturation of cells. D) Blast cells often evident. E) None of the Above.
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C) Normal order of maturation of cells. |
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Which of the following is the most immature recognizable cell in the erythroid series? A) Metarubricyte B) Rubriblast C) Prorubricyte D) Reticulocyte |
B) Rubriblast. |
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True or False: Immunocytes are the same cell as a reactive lymphocyte. |
True. |
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True or False: It is easy to differentiate T and B lymphocytes based upon their morphology. |
False. |
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When performing an M:E ratio, you would count all mature nucleated cells with the bone marrow. |
False. |
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Which of the following would NOT be an indication for performing a bone marrow aspirate? A) Unexplained findings in CBC. B) Hypercalcemia. C) Nonregenerative anemias. D) Staging for chemotherapy. E) None of the above. |
E) None of the above. All of the above are indications for performing a bone marrow aspirate. |
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All of the following are reasons for doing a bone marrow sample except: A) No answer in peripheral blood. B) Unexplained increase. C) Unexplained decrease. D) Atypical cells in the blood. E) None of the above. |
E) None of the above. |
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Which sites may be commonly used for bone marrow collection in dogs? |
Illiac Crest and Proximal Humerus. |
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Which cell in the WBC line is one stage less mature than the band neutrophil? A) Myelocyte B) Myeloblast C) Metameyelocyte D) Promyelocyte E) None of the Above |
C) Metamyelocyte. |
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What does the term hyperplastic mean? |
Increased number of cells. |
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About how many days does it take an RBC to mature? |
5. |
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A bone marrow aspiration on a cat can be obtained from which of the following sites? A) Proximal Humerus B) Femur C) Wing of the Ilium D) All of the Above. |
D) All of the Above. |
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Which statement concerning the M:E ratio is the least accurate? A) It is the ratio of nucleated erythroid cells to myeloid cells. B) Quantitative M:E ratios are determined by appropriately classifying 500 nucleated cells as myeloid or erythroid. C) Subjective evaluation of the M:E ratio is sufficient for diagnostic purposes. D) It is the ratio of myeloid cells to nucleated erythroid cells. |
A) It is the ratio of nucleated erythroid cells to myeloid cells. |
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When following a bone marrow case, besides actually examining the bone marrow, what other lab tests might the technician perform? A) BUN B) ALT C) AST |
D) CBC |
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True or False: Normal body cavities (pleural, peritoneal, and visceral) are lined by mesothelial cells in variable numbers. |
True. |
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Fluid samples should be collected in: A) Empty, sterile tubes. B) Serum separator tubes. C) EDTA tubes. D) All of the above are acceptable. |
C) EDTA tubes. |
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True or False: Congestive heart failure may result in animal developing a transudate or modified transudate. |
True. |
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True or False: Transudates are a normal collection of abnormal fluid. |
False. |
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Transudates are effusions that are relatively unique because of all of the following characteristics except: A) clear or colorless B) SG > than 1.017 C) Protein < than 2.5 g/dl D) None of the Above |
B) SG > than 1.017 |
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True or False: Acute neutrophilic inflammation is less than 70% neutrophils, normal neutrophils. |
False. |
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True or False: Complete characterization of an effusion requires evaluation of various features such as the cellular content and specific gravity. |
True. |
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True or False: Increased turbidity is most commonly associated with increased numbers of cellular elements. |
True. |
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True or False: Inflammation can be classified based upon its duration, by the terms: acute, subacute (same as chronic-active), or chronic inflammation. |
True. |
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Chronic inflammation is characterized by what? |
Greater than 50% macrophages. |
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True or False: Hyperplasia is a non-neoplastic enlargement of tissue. |
True. |
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Inflammatory lesions that contain mostly neutrophils and macrophages with increased lymphocytes/plasma cells are considered to be what? |
Pyogranulomatous. |
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True or False: Nuclear criteria of malignancy are more reliable than cytoplasmic criteria for estimating malignant potential. |
True. |
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Which of the following criteria of malignancy is best depicted in this picture? A) Variation in nucleolar size, shape and number. B) Extreme variability in nuclear to cytoplasmic ratio. C) Abnormal variation in cell size (anisocytosis). D) Inconsistent nuclear chromatin patterns. |
A) Variation in nucleolar size, shape, and number. |
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Which of the following criteria of malignancy is best depicted in this picture? A) Inconsistent nuclear chromatin patterns. B) Sharp anuglar nucleoli. C) Increased mitotic figures. D) Increased and variable N:C ratio. |
D) Increased and variable N:C ratio. |
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Which of the following malignant criteria best describes this picture? A) Abnormal variation in size. B) Irregular and variable nuclear shapes. C) Increased and abnormal mitotic figures. D) Nuclear molding. |
C) Increased and abnormal mitotic figures. |
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For most aspirates, what gauge needle and syringe are adequate? |
A 22-23 gauge needle with a 6-12 ml syringe. |
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What is the mean duration of estrus in a cat? |
8 days. |
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True or False: Female cats are seasonally polyestrus. |
True. |
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True or False: Estrogen is the predominant hormone during metestrus. |
False. |
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The stage of the estrus cycle that is marked with predominantly red blood cells is the ____________ stage. |
Proestrus. |
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True or False: The first heat cycle experienced by the female dog can occur anywhere from 6-24 months of age depending on the breed. |
True. |
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Vaginal epithelial cells can be classified into which of the following types: A) Basal Cells B) Parabasal Cells C) Intermediate Cells D) Superficial Cells E) All of the Above |
E) All of the Above |
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Ovulation usually occurs during the end of what stage? |
Estrus. |
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A vaginal smear during this time would appear "clearer", showing a predominance of cornified cells, with no WBC's, and decreasing RBC's. |
Estrus. |
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True or False: Through cytological examination of the vaginal smear, optimum breeding times can be managed. |
False. |
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True or False: Progesterone is the predominant hormone during proestrus. |
False. |
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How do you calculate the M:E ratio? |
Count 500 nucleated cells. Differentiate them into either myeloid (white) or erythroid (red) cells. |
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What is "A"? |
Erythroid. |
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What is "B"? |
Erythroid. |
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What is "C"? |
Myeloid. |
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What is "D"? |
Myeloid. |
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What is "E"? |
Erythroid. |
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What is "F"? |
Erythroid. |
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What is "G"? |
Myeloid. |
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Where are the 3 locations for bone marrow sampling? |
1) Proximal end of Femur 2) Iliac Crest 3) Proximal Humerus |
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Which of the following criteria of malignancy is best depicted in this picture? A) Increased and abnormal mitotic figures. B) Indistinct cytoplasmic borders and vacuolization. C) Nuclear molding. D) Sharp angular nucleoli. |
B) Indistinct cytoplasmic borders. |
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Effusions are classified as transudates, modified transudates, or exudates based on what? |
TNCC, Total Protein, Gross appearance and volume. |
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Which of the following is MOST likely to cause an exudate? A) CHF C) Congestive Heart Failure D) Perforated Pyometra |
Perforated Pyometra |
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Classify this effusion. A) Inflammatory and Septic. B) Noninflammatory and Septic. C) Neoplastic. D) Non-Neoplastic. |
Inflammatory and Septic. |
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Abnormal fluid retention caused by hypoproteinemia is classified as what kind of effusion? A) Modified Transudate B) Transudate C) Exudate |
B) Transudate |
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Chylous effusion in the thoracic cavity is classified as what kind of effusion? A) Modified Transudate B) Transudate C) Exudate |
A) Modified Transudate |
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Which of the following are considered cells of inflammation? A) Macrophages B) Melanocytes C) Mast Cells D) Neutrophils E) Eosinophils |
A, C, D, E |
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Which of the following is likely to produce a modified transudate? A) Pyometra B) Cardiac Insufficiency C) Intussuception D) Pancreatic Abcesses |
B) Cardiac Insufficiency |
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The predominant cells are mature lymphocytes with >15% plasma cells, eosinophils, and macrophages. |
Reactive or Inflammatory Lymph Node. |
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The predominant cells are mature lymphocytes with rare lymphoblasts noted. |
Normal Lymph Node. |
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The predominate cells are mature lymphocytes (approximately 80%), there are 15% mast cells, and 5% lymphoblasts. |
Metastatic disease spread into the lymph node. |
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The predominant cells are immature lymphocytes (>90%). |
Lymphoma. |
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This lymph node FNA is best descried as what? A) Normal Lymph Node. B) Hyperplastic or Reactive Lymph Node. C) Lymphoma. |
Hyperplastic or reactive LN. |
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This lymph node FNA cytology is best described as what? A) Normal Lymph Node. B) Hyperplastic or Reactive Lymph Node. C) Lymphoma. |
C) Lymphoma |
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This is a common skin tumor in dogs and some cats that can be highly malignant. These granules are dark purple and note the shape of the nucleus. What is it? A) TVT B) Lymphosarcoma (cutaneous) C) Histeocytoma D) Mast Cell Tumor E) Melanoma |
D) Mast Cell Tumor |
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Cancer cytology that exfoliates in clumps of round cells. A) Mesenchymal Neoplasma B) Epithelial Neoplasma |
B) Epithelial Neoplasma |
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Cancer cytology that exfoliates poorly (low cellularity) - often must be "scraped" and the resulting cells are single and spindle shaped. |
Mesenchymal Neoplasma. |
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True or False: Benign neoplasia or hyperplasia is best described as the presence of a uniform population of cells. The uniformity applies to nuclear and cytoplasmic criteria. |
True. |
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Lymphoma, TVTs, mast cell tumors and melanomas belong to which group of neoplasms? |
Round Cell Tumors. |
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What is a common round cell tumor affecting young dogs that usually appears on heads or limbs? This tumor is usually not a big problem. |
Histiocytoma. |
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This tumor can be found in oral tissue and digits of dogs. It is highly malignant. It has a round to oval nuclei and brown to green-black pigment in the cytoplasm. What is it? A) Mast Cell Tumor. B) Melanoma. C) TVT. D) Histiocytoma. |
B) Melanoma. |
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List 2 possible causes of neutrophilia. |
1) Acute Inflammatory Response 2) Chronic Inflammation |
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List one possible cause of a neutrophilia. |
A production in the bone marrow when it is overwhelmed with an inflammatory response or immune mediated response. The bone marrow can't keep up. |
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What is neutrophilia? |
Increased neutrophils. |
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What is neutropenia? |
Decreased neutrophils. |
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What are 2 common causes of lymphopenia? |
Sickness or Stress |
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What is lymphopenia? |
Decreased lymphocytes. |
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Which classification of leukemia causes high numbers of neoplastic cells in circulation? |
Leukemic leukemia. |
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What do mast cells look like and what is their significance on a blood film? |
Mast cells are large, round, discrete cells with many red-purple granules on the cytoplasm. You may see 1 mast cell on a blood film differential from a normal animal. However, more than 1 may indicate mast cell leukemia. |
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What are these cells? |
Mast Cells. |
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What does the white cell differential look like in a severe inflammatory process? |
In severe inflammatory processes, the WBC differential will exhibit neutrophilia with a left shift, lymphopenia, possible monocytosis. |
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What does the stress leukogram look like on a white cell differential? |
Stress leukograms differ in that the neutrophilia is mild, the lymphopenia is mild, and the monocytosis is mild. |
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What does the white cell differential look like in response to systemic hypersensitivity? |
Persistent eosinophilia and/or basophilia is an indicator of systemic hypersensitivity. |
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What are 2 causes of an eosinophilia? |
1) Parasites 2) Allergies |
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What 2 things classifies an effusion as a transudate? |
1) TP <2.5 g/dl 2) < 1,500 nucleated cells |
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What 2 things classifies an effusion as a modified transudate? |
1) TP 2.5-7.5 g/dl 2) 1,000-7,000 nucleated cells |
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What 2 things classify an effusion as an exudate? |
1) TP > 3.0 2) > 7,000 nucleated cells |
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What classifies an effusion as septic? |
If there is intracellular bacteria. |
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What classifies an effusion as non-degenerative? |
If there are no nuclear changes. |
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List 5 common causes for transudate accumulation. |
1) Severe Hypoproteinemia 2) Portal Hypertension 3) Hepatic Insufficiency 4) Portosystemic Shunts 5) Early Myocardial Insufficiency |
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List 4 causes of modified transudate accumulation. |
1) Cardiac Insufficiencies 2) Cardiomyopathy 3) Inflammation or Torsion of an Organ 4) Sterile Irritants (urine leakage) |
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List causes of exudate. |
1) Infectious bacteria, fungi, virus, or protozoan 2) Non-infectious causes include organ inflammation such as pancreatitis, bowel perforation, and irritants such as bile. |
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What are 4 cells seen in inflammatory effusions? |
Neutrophils, macrophages, eosinophils, and mast cells in small numbers. |
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What is the term used for malignancy of epithelial origin? |
Carcinoma or Adenocarcinoma. |
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What are the arrows pointing to in this cat blood? |
Mycoplasma haemofelis. |
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Identify the parasite and what species this blood is from. |
Plasmodium, Bird. |
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Identify the parasite and what species this blood is from. |
Hemoproteus, Bird. |
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Identify the parasite and what species this blood is from. |
Leukocytozoon, Bird. |
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What is the normal range of Fibrinogen for a horse? |
100-400 mg / dl |
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What is the normal range of Fibrinogen in cattle? |
100-600 mg / dl |
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Define "histiocytoma". |
A benign growth that is common in young dogs on their ears and feet. |
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Define "mast cell tumor". |
A malignant growth. It is the most common cutaneous tumor in dogs. |
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What are the three criteria for plasma cells? |
1) Eccentrically located nucleus 2) Perinuclear clear zone 3) Trailing Cytoplasm |
