Atc Basics Block 2

Front 1

The internal pressure of a fluid (liquid or gas) decreases at points where the speed of the fluid increases.

Back 1

Bernoulli's Principle

Front 2

When pressure decreases, speed _________

Back 2

Increases

Front 3

The pressure differential around an airfoil is the...

Back 3

Primary Source of Lift

Front 4

A pressure differential occurs when there is a pressure difference between opposing ______ ___ __ _______.

Back 4

sides of a surface

Front 5

A pressure differential occurs when there is a pressure difference between opposing ______ ___ __ _______.

Back 5

sides of a surface

Front 6

What causes the higher pressure area below the airfoil to try to equalize pressure by pushing (lifting) the airfoil toward the lower pressure area above?

Back 6

Pressure differential

Note: think of putting your thumb over a garden hose...

Front 7

What is Newton's 3rd law of motion?

Back 7

For every action, there is an equal and opposite reaction.

Front 8

The _________ source of lift is the an upward force generated by air striking the underside of an airfoil and being deflected downward.

Back 8

Secondary

Front 9

The primary source of lift on an airfoil is created by a differential in _________.

Back 9

Pressure

Front 10

The primary source of lift on an airfoil is created by a differential in _________.

Back 10

Pressure

Front 11

The direction of the airflow produced by an object moving through air is...

Back 11

Relative Wind

Front 12

The relative wind for an aircraft in flight flows in a direction ________ with and ________ to the direction of flight.

Back 12

Parallel

Opposite

Front 13

The relative wind for an aircraft in flight flows in a direction ________ with and ________ to the direction of flight.

Back 13

Parallel

Opposite

Note: think of putting your hand out the window while driving on a calm day... You feel the relative wind even though it's not windy.

Front 14

The relative wind for an aircraft in flight flows in a direction ________ with and ________ to the direction of flight.

Back 14

Parallel

Opposite

Note: think of putting your hand out the window while driving on a calm day... You feel the relative wind even though it's not windy.

Front 15

What determines the direction of the relative wind?

Back 15

The actual flight path.

Not wind angle... The direction.

Front 16

What are 6 types of airfoils on aircraft?

Back 16

Wing

Propeller

Helicopter rotor (rotary wing)

Horizontal stabilizer

Vertical tail surfaces

Fuselage

Front 17

The 3 principle airfoils that produce lift on an aircraft are:

Back 17

Wing

Horizontal tail surfaces

Propeller (lift produced in a forward direction)

Front 18

The 3 parts of an airfoil are:

Back 18

Leading edge

Trailing edge

Chord line

Chord line is an imaginary straight line drawn from the leading edge to the trailing edge of a cross section of an airfoil.

Front 19

What is the acute angle formed between the chord line of an airfoil and the direction of the air striking the airfoil (relative wind)?

Back 19

The angle of attack

Front 20

The angle of attack is based on the ________ _______, not the ground.

Back 20

Relative wind

Front 21

This is the curvature of the airfoil from the leading edge to the trailing edge.

Back 21

Camber

Front 22

Lower camber refers to the curvature of the lower surface.

Upper camber refers to the curvature of the upper surface.

The camber of a wing is designed according to the...

Back 22

Type of aircraft

Planned speed of aircraft

Weight of the aircraft

Planned use of the aircraft

Front 23

What is the shape or form of a wing as viewed from above?

(It may be long and tapered, shirt and rectangular, or various other shapes).

Back 23

Wing Planform

Front 24

The faster the aircraft, the thinner the airfoil to reduce drag. The thinner the airfoil, the more surface area needed to produce lift.

The amount of lift generated by the wing depends upon several factors:

Back 24

Speed of the wing through air

Angle of attack

Planform of the wing

Wing area

Density of the air

Camber

Front 25

What type of Wing Planform is mostly seen on commercial jets? It's most efficient at higher speeds.

Back 25

Sweptback wings.

Front 26

The four forces affecting flight are...

Back 26

Lift

Weight

Thrust

Drag

Front 27

What is the upward force created by an airfoil when it is moved through air?

Back 27

Lift

Front 28

What is the upward force created by an airfoil when it is moved through air?

Back 28

Lift

Front 29

This is the downward force which tends to draw all bodies vertically toward the center of the earth.

Back 29

Weight

Front 30

What is the upward force created by an airfoil when it is moved through air?

Back 30

Lift

Front 31

This is the downward force which tends to draw all bodies vertically toward the center of the earth.

Back 31

Weight

Front 32

This is a man-made force that pulls or pushes the aircraft through the air.

Back 32

Thrust

Front 33

What is the upward force created by an airfoil when it is moved through air?

Back 33

Lift

Front 34

This is the downward force which tends to draw all bodies vertically toward the center of the earth.

Back 34

Weight

Front 35

This is a man-made force that pulls or pushes the aircraft through the air.

Back 35

Thrust

Front 36

The rewarding acting force which resists the forward movement of the airplane through the air...

Back 36

Drag

Front 37

The aircraft neither gains nor loses altitude when _____ and ________ are in equilibrium.

Back 37

Lift

Weight

Front 38

The aircraft will climb if _____ is greater than weight.

Back 38

Lift

Front 39

If weight is greater than lift, the aircraft will...

Back 39

Descend

Front 40

In a straight and level flight, _______ and ______ are equal in magnitude if a constant airspeed is being maintained.

Back 40

Thrust

Drag

Front 41

In a straight and level flight, _______ and ______ are equal in magnitude if a constant airspeed is being maintained.

Back 41

Thrust

Drag

Front 42

The thrust is controlled by the throttle. As more throttle is applied, more _______ is produced.

Back 42

Thrust

Front 43

With and increase in airspeed, _____ increases rapidly.

Back 43

Drag

Note: If you give a plane everything it's got, drag will eventually catch up to the speed and equilibrium will be attained again. Every aircraft has a max speed.

Front 44

What is the curvature of the airfoil from the leading edge to the trailing edge?

Back 44

Camber

Front 45

Three ATMOSPHERIC PROPERTIES are...

Back 45

Temperature

Altitude

Water Vapor (humidity)

Front 46

Average lapse rate... Temperature decreases by about 3.5 degrees F for every 1,000 feet of elevation increased.

By how much does the temperature decrease in Celsius?

Back 46

2 degrees Celsius

Front 47

Average sea level temperature is 59 F or 15 C.

What is the average temperature 7 miles up in the atmosphere?

Back 47

-67 F

Front 48

Layer of atmosphere closest to the earth with about a 5-10 mile width...

Back 48

Troposphere

Front 49

A decrease of temperature with height is called a _______ _________.

Back 49

Lapse rate

Front 50

Cold air is denser than ______ air.

Back 50

Warm

Front 51

The average pressure at sea level is 14.7 pounds per square inch (psi) which corresponds with 29.92 inches of _________.

Back 51

Mercury

Front 52

________ decreases with height.

Lower pressure results in less _________ air

Back 52

Pressure

Dense

Front 53

In order of MOST effective, what are the top three properties of the atmosphere that affect flight performance...

Back 53

Altitude

Temperature

Humidity

Front 54

Moisture in the air is the invisible gas called ________ _______.

The higher the temperature, the greater amount of ________ ________ the air can hold.

Back 54

Water vapor

Water vapor

Note: increase in water vapor (higher humidity) results in a decrease in air density.

Front 55

The altitude in the standard atmosphere corresponding to a particular value of air density...

Back 55

Density altitude

Front 56

The altitude in the standard atmosphere corresponding to a particular value of air density...

Back 56

Density altitude

Front 57

_________ ___________ calculations are used by pilots to determine aircraft performance characteristics given the existing atmospheric conditions.

Back 57

Density calculation

Front 58

Higher density altitude indicates lower density air.

Back 58

Note: as altitude, temperature, and moisture (humidity) go up...

PERFORMANCE GOES DOWN!

Front 59

Increased density altitude can greatly reduce aircraft performance including: (5 things)

Back 59

Longer takeoff roll

Longer landing roll

Slower climb rate

Reduced engine power output

Landing speed increased

Note: high density altitude on aircraft performance will greatly increase controller workload, e.g. more spacing required, slower climbs, more timbers clear runway, etc.

Front 60

Effects of altitude on performance...

Back 60

There are more air molecules at the bottom of atmosphere. Air is more dense. More molecules to spread around airfoil. Better for takeoff and overall performance.

Taking off at Sea Level better than taking off at 5,000ft.

Front 61

Effects of temperature on performance...

Back 61

Cold air is more sense than hot air. Takeoff and performance will be easier/better on a cold winter day as opposed to a hot summer day.

Front 62

Effects of temperature on performance...

Back 62

Cold air is more dense than hot air (hot air expands so it's less dense). Takeoff and performance will be easier/better on a cold winter day as opposed to a hot summer day.

Front 63

Effects of temperature on performance...

Back 63

Cold air is more dense than hot air (hot air expands so it's less dense). Takeoff and performance will be easier/better on a cold winter day as opposed to a hot summer day.

Front 64

Effect of humidity on performance...

Back 64

Takeoff and performance will be better in dry air as opposed to moist humid air. This is because water vapor is lighter than air (as water content of the air increases, the air becomes less dense).

Front 65

The plane may not get off the ground on a hot, humid day at 5,000ft (Denver).

Back 65

The best flying conditions would be somewhere like Phoenix in winter where it's lower altitude, dry, and cool.

Front 66

Note: high density altitude replicates density AT HIGH ALTITUDES which have LOW DENSITY.

Back 66

Low density altitude replicates density AT LOW ALTITUDES which have HIGH DENSITY.

Front 67

Note: high density altitude replicates density AT HIGH ALTITUDES which have LOW DENSITY.

Back 67

Low density altitude replicates density AT LOW ALTITUDES which have HIGH DENSITY.

Front 68

A device for propelling an aircraft that, when rotated, produces by its action on the air, thrust approximately perpendicular to its plane of rotation.

Back 68

Peopeller

Front 69

Note: high density altitude replicates density AT HIGH ALTITUDES which have LOW DENSITY.

Back 69

Low density altitude replicates density AT LOW ALTITUDES which have HIGH DENSITY.

Front 70

A device for propelling an aircraft that, when rotated, produces by its action on the air, thrust approximately perpendicular to its plane of rotation.

Back 70

Peopeller

Front 71

Three types of propeller are:

Back 71

Adjustable pitch (very uncommon - use a wrench to adjust it preflight)

Fixed pitch (standard propellers - can't adjust it)

Controllable pitch (can adjust it in flight - it's variable)

Front 72

Note: high density altitude replicates density AT HIGH ALTITUDES which have LOW DENSITY.

Back 72

Low density altitude replicates density AT LOW ALTITUDES which have HIGH DENSITY.

Front 73

A device for propelling an aircraft that, when rotated, produces by its action on the air, thrust approximately perpendicular to its plane of rotation.

Back 73

Peopeller

Front 74

Three types of propeller are:

Back 74

Adjustable pitch (very uncommon - use a wrench to adjust it preflight)

Fixed pitch (standard propellers - can't adjust it)

Controllable pitch (can adjust it in flight - it's variable)

Front 75

An aircraft has three axes of rotation...

Back 75

Longitudinal axis (roll)

Lateral axis (pitch)

Vertical axis (yaw)

Front 76

Imaginary straight line through the fuselage (body of aircraft)

Back 76

Longitudinal axis

Front 77

Imaginary straight line through the fuselage (body of aircraft)

Back 77

Longitudinal axis

Front 78

Line through the wing from wing tip to wing tip. Controls angle of attack and pitch altitude.

Back 78

Lateral axis

Movement around the lateral axis is called the pitch movement (nose up, nose down).

Front 79

Imaginary straight line through the fuselage (body of aircraft). Controls angle of bank and aircraft heading.

Back 79

Longitudinal axis

Movement around longitudinal axis is called the roll movement.

Front 80

A line through the center of gravity from top to bottom. Controls left-to-right alignment of longitudinal axis with respect to relative wind. Controls streamlined motion of aircraft.

Back 80

Vertical axis

Movement around vertical axis is called the yaw movement.

Front 81

The 3 primary control surfaces that affect rotation of an aircraft are...

Back 81

Ailerons - controls roll

Elevator - moves as a unit and controls pitch

Rudder - controls yaw

Front 82

________ are hinged surfaces mounted on the outboard trailing edge of the wings. They rotate the aircraft around the longitudinal axis.

Back 82

Ailerons

Front 83

Left and right ailerons move simultaneously but in ___________ directions.

Back 83

Opposite

Front 84

_________ increases on the down aileron, and decreases on the up aileron.

Back 84

Lift

Front 85

What is adverse yaw?

Back 85

The tendency of the nose of the aircraft to yaw in the opposite direction of the turn. It's caused by the drag of the "down" aileron.

Front 86

What is adverse yaw?

Back 86

The tendency of the nose of the aircraft to yaw in the opposite direction of the turn. It's caused by the drag of the "down" aileron.

Note: turning the rudder the direction of the turn decreases the affect of adverse yaw.

Front 87

What controls ailerons and left and right turns?

Back 87

The control yoke. Push in to descend or pull back to climb. Steer to go left or right.

Front 88

What primary control surface is located on the horizontal stabilizer and rotates the aircraft around the lateral axis (up and down)?

Back 88

The elevator - controls the angle of attack and pitch of the aircraft. (Think teeter-totter)

Note: if the entire horizontal tail surface moves, it's known as a stabilator.

Front 89

What steering device inside the aircraft controls the elevator?

Back 89

The control yoke.

Front 90

What steering device inside the aircraft controls the elevator?

Back 90

The control yoke.

Moves forward and backward to control the elevator. Pull back-nose up. Push forward-nose down.

Note: elevator (think about watching an elevator go up and down)

Front 91

The ________ is on the aft of the vertical stabilizer (tail).

Back 91

Rudder - rotates the aircraft around the vertical axis and control the yaw.

Front 92

The rudder is controlled by rudder pedals. Depress right pedal and the aircraft will yaw right. Depress the left pedal and the aircraft will yaw left.

Back 92

Use the rudder when using ailerons in the SAME direction to avoid "adverse yaw"

Front 93

Which two movements are controlled by the control yoke?

Back 93

Roll (ailerons)

Pitch (elevators)

Front 94

The purpose of ______ _______ is to LESSEN THE MANUAL PRESSURE the pilots must apply to the control surfaces.

Back 94

Trim tabs

Note: trim tabs are generally used on larger aircraft but elevator and rudder trim tabs are common across the board.

They're small hinged surfaces on the trailing edges of primary control surfaces.

Front 95

Trim tabs hold the control surface in position aerodynamically. The control surface can still be moved by the pilot.

Note: it's like cruise control. Relieves pressure on controls so pilots can relax.

Back 95

Trim tab is a secondary control surface.

The controls are either manual or electric

Front 96

Another secondary control surface besides trim tabs are ______.

Back 96

Flaps

Front 97

Flaps are located inboard the wing's trailing edge and are used to increase lift. They are extended in increments described as degrees from the full up position (zero degrees).

Back 97

10 and 20 degrees positions give you more lift than drag so they can be used during takeoff.

Once flaps are down more than 20 degrees (30 or 40) they are only creating drag. Good for landings.

Front 98

Flaps extend on both wings at the same time. The extension of flaps can increase camber by changing the Chord Line. What happens because of this?

Back 98

- Lift increases

- Drag increases

- Lowers stall speed

- Allows steeper approach to runway without increased speed

Front 99

How are flaps adjusted?

Back 99

Manually

Electrically

Hydraulically

Front 100

What are the 3 primary control surfaces?

Back 100

Ailerons

Elevators

Rudder

Front 101

What are the 2 secondary control surfaces?

Back 101

Trim tabs

Flaps

Front 102

The forces acting on helicopters are the same as those acting on fixed-wing aircraft.

Lift

Weight

Thrust

Drag

Each rotor blade is shaped like an _________

Back 102

Airfoil

Front 103

A rotor blade in motion acts like a _____

Back 103

Wing

Front 104

Function of the throttle in a helicopter is to regulate...

Back 104

Revolutions per minute (RPMs)

Front 105

The _________ controls the pitch of the rotor blade (angle of attack).

Back 105

Collective

Front 106

When lift is greater than weight, you get...

Back 106

Vertical ascent

Front 107

When weight is greater than lift, you get...

Back 107

Vertical descent

Front 108

Motionless flight over a reference point is ________. This occurs when thrust and lift equals weight and drag.

Must have a constant heading and altitude.

Back 108

Hovering

Front 109

The ________ controls the tilt of the rotor blade which controls the direction of flight in a helicopter.

Back 109

Cyclic

Front 110

____________ is the state of flight where the main rotor system is being turned by the action of relative wind rather than engine power...

Back 110

Autorotation

This allows the aircraft to make a controlled landing when the engine is no longer providing power.

Front 111

Aircraft categories are used for providing the same runway separation within the terminal environment. Why?

Back 111

Provides a method of grouping aircraft

Allows for immediate distinction

Front 112

Aircraft categories are used for providing the same runway separation within the terminal environment. Why?

Back 112

Provides a method of grouping aircraft

Allows for immediate distinction

Front 113

CAT 1 aircraft basics...

Back 113

Weight - 12,500 lbs

Single engine

Prop-driven

Front 114

Aircraft categories are used for providing the same runway separation within the terminal environment. Why?

Back 114

Provides a method of grouping aircraft

Allows for immediate distinction

Front 115

CAT 1 aircraft basics...

Back 115

Weight - 12,500 lbs

Single engine

Prop-driven

Front 116

CAT II aircraft basics

Back 116

Weight - 12,500 lbs

Twin engine

Prop-driven

Front 117

CAT III aircraft basics

Back 117

Anything not in CAT I or CAT II

Front 118

CAT I general performance characteristics

Back 118

Speed - 100-160 kts

Altitude - 10,000 and below

Climb rate - 1,000 ft per min

Weight class - S

Front 119

CAT I general performance characteristics

Back 119

Speed - 100-160 kts

Altitude - 10,000 and below

Climb rate - 1,000 ft per min

Weight class - S

Front 120

CAT II General performance characteristics

Back 120

Speed - 160-250 kts

Altitude - up to FL240

Climb rate - 1,000-2,000 ft per min

Weight class - S

Front 121

CAT II general performance characteristics

Back 121

Speed - 160-250 kts

Altitude - up to FL240

Climb rate - 1,000-2,000 ft per min

Weight class - S

Front 122

CAT II general performance characteristics

Back 122

Speed - 160-250 kts

Altitude - up to FL240

Climb rate - 1,000-2,000 ft per min

Weight class - S

Front 123

CAT III General performance characteristics

Back 123

Speed - 300-550 kts

Altitude - FL450 and below

Climb rate - 2,000-4,000 ft per min

Weight class - Specified for each aircraft

Front 124

CAT II general performance characteristics

Back 124

Speed - 160-250 kts

Altitude - FL240 and below

Climb rate - 1,000-2,000 ft per min

Weight class - S

Front 125

Helicopters general performance characteristics

Back 125

Speed - 90-160 kts

Altitude - FL200 and below

Climb rate - 500-2,150 ft per min

Weight class - S or L

Front 126

Weight classes for aircraft

Back 126

Small - 41,000 lbs or less max certified takeoff weight

Large - more than 41,000 lbs, max certified takeoff weight up to but not including 300,000 lbs

Heavy - aircraft capable of takeoff weights of 300,000 lbs or more wether or not they are operating at this weight during a flight

Front 127

As the categories of aircraft (CAT I, CAT II, CAT III) are used for same runway separation, aircraft weight classes (S, L, H) are primarily used for ______ ___________ ___________.

Back 127

Wake turbulence separation

Front 128

What are approved, shortened versions of the aircraft manufacturer's designation?

Back 128

Aircraft designators

Note: used on Flight Progress Strips and for ATC communications.

Front 129

Aircraft designators are 2 to 4 characters long and may contain all letters or a combination of letters and numbers. But they must begin with a ________.

Back 129

Letter

Front 130

What organization made it so individual countries could no longer establish their own designators?

Back 130

International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO)

Pronounced I-Kay-O

Front 131

Military designators are formulated using a letter denoting the primary function of the aircraft and a number to denote a design or series of configuration.

Back 131

A - attack

B - bomber

C - cargo transport

E - electronic (ECM)

F - fighter

H - helicopter

P - patrol

T - trainer

Front 132

Three engine types in aircraft (in order of slowest to fastest performance) are...

Back 132

Reciprocating

Turboprop

Turbojet

Front 133

Reciprocating engine characteristics

Back 133

-Similar to car engine

-Operates around 60-350 horsepower

Front 134

Reciprocating engine characteristics

Back 134

-Similar to car engine

-Operates around 60-350 horsepower

Front 135

Turboprop engine characteristics

Back 135

-Found on many CAT II aircraft

-small or large weight class

-greater horsepower, faster speeds, better performance

Front 136

Reciprocating engine characteristics

Back 136

-Similar to car engine

-Operates around 60-350 horsepower

Front 137

Turboprop engine characteristics

Back 137

-Found on many CAT II aircraft

-small or large weight class

-greater horsepower, faster speeds, better performance

Front 138

Turbojet engine characteristics

Back 138

-all jets are CAT III aircraft

-found in all weight classes

-derives power from thrust or exhaust gases

-highest performance aviation engine

Front 139

Helicopter controls... Remember CYTI COP

Back 139

Cyclic controls Tilt

Collective controls Pitch

Front 140

The state of flight where the main rotor system is being turned by the action of relative wind rather than engine power.

Back 140

Autorotation

Front 141

Hazards affecting flight

Back 141

Hazards affecting flight

Front 142

Hazards affecting flight

Back 142

Hazards affecting flight

Front 143

Stalls are the most common cause of light aircraft accidents.

A stall occurs when...

Back 143

The airfoil reaches a "critical angle of attack" which is approximately 15-20 degrees.

As the critical able of attack is reached, the smooth flow of the airstream begins separating from the rear of the upper wing surface and ceases to produce lift.

Front 144

Three primary causes of stalls are...

Back 144

Insufficient airspeed

Excessively violent flight maneuvers

Severe wind shear

Front 145

The three types of icing are:

Back 145

Structural icing

Pitot-static icing

Carburetor icing

Front 146

The three types of icing are:

Back 146

Structural icing

Pitot-static icing

Carburetor icing

Front 147

Structural icing changes the shape of the airfoil (wing) which disrupts smooth flow of air and adds weight.

When pitot-static icing occurs, what becomes unreliable?

Back 147

Airspeed indicator

Note: although rate, if static vent icing occurs, the altimeter, airspeed and vertical speed indicators are affected.

Front 148

The three types of icing are:

Back 148

Structural icing

Pitot-static icing

Carburetor icing

Front 149

Structural icing changes the shape of the airfoil (wing) which disrupts smooth flow of air and adds weight.

When pitot-static icing occurs, what becomes unreliable?

Back 149

Airspeed indicator

Note: although rate, if static vent icing occurs, the altimeter, airspeed and vertical speed indicators are affected.

Front 150

Carburetor icing most often occurs between 20-79 degrees F under conditions of high humidity. It's the only type of icing to occur in above-freezing temperatures.

It can be cleared by adding carburetor heat but this technique is primarily used for __________ icing, no de-icing.

Back 150

Anti-icing

Front 151

Failures on an aircraft resulting in instruments or lights or radio or flaps not working are ____________ failures.

Back 151

Electrical

Front 152

Failures on an aircraft resulting in instruments or lights or radio or flaps not working are ____________ failures.

Back 152

Electrical

Front 153

When your landing gear doesn't drop or you lose a panel or crack a windshield or blow a tire, these are ____________ failures.

Back 153

Mechanical

Front 154

___________ failures can affect landing gear or flaps or breaks on some aircraft.

Back 154

Hydraulic

Front 155

A phenomenon resulting from the passage of an aircraft thought the atmosphere. It includes vortices, thrust stews turbulence, jet blast, jet wash, propeller wash, and rotor wash both on the ground and in the air.

Back 155

Wake turbulence

Front 156

A phenomenon resulting from the passage of an aircraft thought the atmosphere. It includes vortices, thrust stews turbulence, jet blast, jet wash, propeller wash, and rotor wash both on the ground and in the air.

Back 156

Wake turbulence

Front 157

Circular patterns of air created by the movement of an airfoil through the air WHEN GENERATING LIFT.

Back 157

Vortices

Front 158

Vortices from large aircraft can be of extremely high velocity (170 kts) and hazardous to smaller aircraft.

What is the strength of a vortex (rotational force) governed by?

Back 158

Weight of the generating aircraft

Shape of the wing

Speed of the generating aircraft

Front 159

The greatest vortex strength is when the aircraft is ________, _________, and ______.

Back 159

Heavy, clean, and slow

Front 160

The greatest factor that affects the intensity of wake turbulence is the ________.

Back 160

Weight

Front 161

A wing with _______ configuration allows for a stronger vortex to be generated because without flaps the wing has a smaller surface area and wing loading is therefore greater per square foot.

Back 161

Clean

Front 162

A wing with _______ configuration increases the total wing area and decreases the wing loading. The flaps disrupt airflow over the wing and break down the formation of the vortex.

Back 162

Dirty

Front 163

The slower the speed, the greater the chance for the wake to take form. This is critical for aircraft on approach to an airport.

Back 163

At higher speeds, the airflow over the wing tips is spread out and does not have much of an opportunity to take form.

Front 164

Strength of vortices will diminish with _______ and _________.

Back 164

Time

Distance

Front 165

Lift is generated by low pressure above the wing and high pressure below the wing. The pressure differential triggers a roll up of airflow. Can also be known as...

Back 165

Wake vortex

Wing tip vortices

Front 166

Lift is generated by low pressure above the wing and high pressure below the wing. The pressure differential triggers a roll up of airflow. Can also be known as...

Back 166

Wake vortex

Wing tip vortices

Front 167

Vortex circulation always goes IN toward the body (fuselage) of the aircraft.

Back 167

When viewing aircraft from behind....Clockwise off left and counterclockwise off the right.

Front 168

Vortices are generated at the moment the aircraft __________ _______.

Back 168

Generates lift

Front 169

Vortices are generated at the moment the aircraft __________ _______.

Back 169

Generates lift

- when the nose wheel leaves the ground.

Front 170

Vortices are generated at the moment the aircraft __________ _______.

Back 170

Generates lift

- when the nose wheel leaves the ground.

Front 171

Vortices discontinue at the moment the aircraft stops __________ ______.

Back 171

Generating lift

When all landing gear has touched down.

Front 172

What is the vortex sink rate?

Back 172

300-500 ft per minute.

Normally levels off about 500-1,000 ft below flight path.

Front 173

What is the vortex sink rate?

Back 173

300-500 ft per minute.

Normally levels off about 500-1,000 ft below flight path.

Front 174

Vortices move outward and diminish in strength with time and distance.

When close to the ground and with zero wind, vortices from aircraft move 2-3 kts laterally and within ________ ft of the ground.

Back 174

100-200 ft

Front 175

A crosswind will affect a vortex how?

Back 175

Crosswind of 1-5 kts will decrease or stall the movement of one vortex while increasing the movement of another.

This could hasten the vortex arrival to another parallel runway.

Front 176

Tailwinds can also move vortices into the landing zone of aircraft that were trying to avoid the wake.

Back 176

Vortices from large aircraft will sink approximately 300-500 feet per minute and level off approximately 500-1,000 feet below the flight path.

Front 177

The mechanical force a wake vortex has on an aircraft.

Back 177

Induced roll

Front 178

The mechanical force a wake vortex has on an aircraft.

Back 178

Induced roll

Front 179

When induced roll exceeds the level of roll-control, the plane will spiral out of control.

Back 179

Roll control is the ability of an aircraft to move around the longitudinal axis.

Front 180

An aircraft with a large wingspan, which extends beyond the outer edges of a vortex, is better able to counter the roll effects of the vortex than a smaller aircraft whose wingspan is completely engulfed by the vortex.

Back 180

If ailerons are outside the vortices, it can be corrected. Ailerons must be in stable air.

Wingspan and ailerons extend beyond the OUTER EDGES of the vortex.

Front 181

Helicopters generate a downwash out of a hover position which extends out to a distance approximately ______ times the diameter of the rotor.

Back 181

Three

Front 182

Downwash circulation is outward, upward, around, and away from the main rotors on ALL directions.

Back 182

Helicopters will generate. Pair of wingtip vortices when in forward flight.

Note: evidence suggests that helicopter vortices are more intense than those of fixed-wing aircraft.

Front 183

Jet blast is jet engine exhaust.

Back 183

Jet blast is normally experienced during ground operations and during initial takeoff roll prior to lift.

Front 184

Jet blast is jet engine exhaust.

Back 184

Jet blast is normally experienced during ground operations and during initial takeoff roll prior to lift.

Front 185

Why are controllers not responsible for anticipating the existence of wake turbulence?

Back 185

Because it's unpredictable.

Front 186

When issuing cautionary advisory during ground operations, controllers may use the following terms in lieu of the term, wake turbulence...

Back 186

Jet blast

Prop wash

Rotor wash

Front 187

The greatest impact wake turbulence has on ATC is increases separation for _________ operations, both ground and airborne. And for _________ operations for approach and Enroute environments.

Back 187

Terminal

Radar

Front 188

Because of wake turbulence, traffic management delays may occur as a result of:

Back 188

Increases separation, meaning a lower airport acceptance rate.

Front 189

AIRSPACE

Back 189

AIRSPACE

Front 190

AIRSPACE

Back 190

AIRSPACE

Front 191

___________ __________ is airspace if defined dimensions within which air traffic control service is provided to IFR flight and VFR flights in accordance with the airspace classification.

Back 191

Controlled airspace

Front 192

AIRSPACE

Back 192

AIRSPACE

Front 193

___________ __________ is airspace if defined dimensions within which air traffic control service is provided to IFR flight and VFR flights in accordance with the airspace classification.

Back 193

Controlled airspace

Front 194

What class of airspace is generally from 18,000 MSL up to and including FL600?

All operations must be under IFR and are subject to ATC clearances and instructions.

Two-way radio must be established.

4096 transponder with functioning Mode C required.

Back 194

Class A

Front 195

AIRSPACE

Back 195

AIRSPACE

Front 196

___________ __________ is airspace if defined dimensions within which air traffic control service is provided to IFR flight and VFR flights in accordance with the airspace classification.

Back 196

Controlled airspace

Front 197

What class of airspace is generally from 18,000 MSL up to and including FL600?

All operations must be under IFR and are subject to ATC clearances and instructions.

Two-way radio must be established.

4096 transponder with functioning Mode C required.

Back 197

Class A

Front 198

What class of airspace goes from the surface (SFC) to 10,000 MSL surrounding the nation's busiest airports?

All aircraft require ATC clearance to enter.

ATC provides separation so Two-way radio must be established.

4096 transponder with functioning Mode C required

Aircraft require operable VOR or TACAN.

Back 198

Class B

All aircraft VFR and IFR receive separation services while in this airspace.

Front 199

What airspace is from the surface up to 4,000 ft above airport elevation (AGL) surrounding airports with:

Operational control tower

Service provided by TRACON

A certain number of IFR operations and passenger emplacements.

Back 199

Class C

A circle with a 10 NM radius that extends from no lower than 1,200 ft up to 4,000 ft.

A non-charted outer area where vectoring and sequencing is provided for IFR and participating VFR aircraft.

VFR aircraft only separated from IFR aircraft. They don't need clearance to enter but may be denied.

Front 200

________ airspace is generally from the surface up to 2,500 ft MSL surrounding airports with an operational control tower.

Back 200

Class D

No separation services provided to VFR aircraft.

Airspace is individually tailored (may level at base of overlying airspace).

Front 201

Except for 18,000 ft MSL, _________ airspace has no defines vertical limit but rather extends upward from either the surface or a designed altitude to the overlying adjacent airspace.

Back 201

Class E

Contains federal (Victor) airways and low altitude RNAV (Tango) routes.

No communication requirement or separation provided for VFR aircraft.

Front 202

Except for 18,000 ft MSL, _________ airspace has no defines vertical limit but rather extends upward from either the surface or a designed altitude to the overlying adjacent airspace.

Back 202

Class E

Contains federal (Victor) airways and low altitude RNAV (Tango) routes.

No communication requirement or separation provided for VFR aircraft.

Front 203

What class of airspace is uncontrolled?

Back 203

Class G

Normally extends from the surface to the base of the overlying controlled airspace.

Vector aircraft in class G only upon pilot request as an additional service.

Front 204

What non-designated type of airspace separates all off aircraft, participating VFR aircraft, provides radar vectoring and separation, and is listed on VFR aeronautical charts?

Back 204

Terminal radar service area (TRSA)

Front 205

What non-designated type of airspace separates all off aircraft, participating VFR aircraft, provides radar vectoring and separation, and is listed on VFR aeronautical charts?

Back 205

Terminal radar service area (TRSA)

Front 206

These are issued within the sovereign airspace of the USA and its territories to restrict certain aircraft from operating within a defined area on a temporary basis to protect people or property on the ground.

Back 206

Temporary flight restrictions (TFRs)

Front 207

This is the airspace identified by an area on the surface of the earth wherein activities must be confined because of their nature and/or wherein limitations may be imposed upon aircraft that are not part of those activities.

Back 207

Special use airspace (SUA)

Front 208

SUA programs are designed to accommodate national defense , security, and welfare.

They also identify where activities occur and protect others from hazardous operations.

Back 208

The CONTROLLING AGENCY is the FAA ATC facility that exercises control of the airspace when an SUA area is not activated.

Front 209

SUA programs are designed to accommodate national defense , security, and welfare.

They also identify where activities occur and protect others from hazardous operations.

Back 209

The CONTROLLING AGENCY is the FAA ATC facility that exercises control of the airspace when an SUA area is not activated.

Front 210

The Using Agency is the military unit or other organization whose activity established the requirement for the SUA.

Back 210

There are 7 types of Special Use Airspaces.

Prohibited area -P

Restricted area -R

Warning area -W

Alert area -A

Controlled firing area -CFA

Military operation area -MOA

National security area -NSA

Front 211

A __________ area is designated airspace where the flight of the aircraft is not permitted, without permission of the using agency.

Back 211

Prohibited

They prohibit flight over an area on the surface in the interest of national security and welfare.

Detectives on aeronautical charts by letter P, a dash, plus number. (P-47)

Front 212

A __________ area is designated airspace where the flight of the aircraft is not permitted, without permission of the using agency.

Back 212

Prohibited

They prohibit flight over an area on the surface in the interest of national security and welfare.

Detectives on aeronautical charts by letter P, a dash, plus number. (P-47)

Front 213

A _____________ area is designated airspace above US land areas of territorial waters, within which flight of aircraft is NOT totally prohibited, but is subject to restrictions.

Back 213

Restricted

Established when determined necessary to confine or segregate activities considered hazardous to nonparticipating aircraft.

Depicted on aeronautical charts by letter R, a dash, and number. (R-5701)

Front 214

A __________ area is airspace extending from 3 NM outward from the coast of the U.S. Designated to contain activity that may be hazardous to nonparticipating aircraft.

Back 214

Warning area.

Warns nonparticipating pilots of the potential danger from activities being conducted.

(W-104)

Warning areas may be jointly used if released to FAA during periods when it's not required for it's designated purpose.

Front 215

An ________ area is an airspace where a high volume of pilot training occurs or other types of unusual aeronautical activity goes on.

Back 215

Alert

These areas can't extend into A, B, C, D airspaces, or E airport surface areas.

They're just warning other pilots that a high volume of training is going on.

Front 216

A CFA is airspace designated to contain activities, that if not protected in a controlled environment, would be hazardous to other aircraft.

Back 216

Controlled firing area.

CFAs can provide a means to accommodate, without impact to aviation, certain hazardous activities that can be immediately suspended if a nonparticipating aircraft approaches.

Front 217

A CFA is airspace designated to contain activities, that if not protected in a controlled environment, would be hazardous to other aircraft.

Back 217

Controlled firing area.

CFAs can provide a means to accommodate, without impact to aviation, certain hazardous activities that can be immediately suspended if a nonparticipating aircraft approaches.

Front 218

MOA is an airspace of defined vertical and lateral limits established outside class A airspace for the purpose of separating military training activities from IFR traffic and to identify VFR traffic where these practices are conducted.

Back 218

Military operations areas (MOAs) Te designated to non hazardous military flights including, but not limited to, air combat maneuvers, air intercepts, low altitude tactics, etc.

Front 219

A CFA is airspace designated to contain activities, that if not protected in a controlled environment, would be hazardous to other aircraft.

Back 219

Controlled firing area.

CFAs can provide a means to accommodate, without impact to aviation, certain hazardous activities that can be immediately suspended if a nonparticipating aircraft approaches.

Front 220

MOA is an airspace of defined vertical and lateral limits established outside class A airspace for the purpose of separating military training activities from IFR traffic and to identify VFR traffic where these practices are conducted.

Back 220

Military operations areas (MOAs) Te designated to non hazardous military flights including, but not limited to, air combat maneuvers, air intercepts, low altitude tactics, etc.

Front 221

How do you identify an MOA?

Back 221

Name followed by the acronym MOA

(HOLLIS MOA)

(SHEPPARD 1 MOA)

Front 222

A _________ __________ _____ consists of airspace of defined lateral and vertical dimensions established at locations where there is a requirement for increased security or ground facilities.

Back 222

National security area (NSA)

Pilots are required to voluntarily avoid flying through them.

They're designed to enhance natl security and protect natl assets.

They have no standard dimensions.