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59 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Number of stars in the Milky Way
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200 billion
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Distance of Andromeda Galaxy
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2 million light-years
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Distance of Virgo Cluster
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60 million light-years
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Sun: six most abundant elements
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Hydrogen
Helium Oxygen Carbon Neon Nitrogen |
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Earth: elements
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Oxygen
Iron Silicon Magnesium Sulfur Nickel |
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Air: four most abundant elements
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Nitrogen
Oxygen Argon Carbon |
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Ocean: elements
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Hydrogen
Oxygen Chlorine Sodium Magnesium Sulfur |
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Human: elements
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Hydrogen
Oxygen Carbon Nitrogen Calcium Phosphorous |
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Carbon: Number of possible bonds
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Four
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Organic compounds are made up of what type of bond?
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C-H bonds
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Astronomers have detected how many species of molecules in interstellar clouds?
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150
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Largest interstellar molecule discovered has how many atoms?
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13
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Why is the Murchison meteorite famous?
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(1) Believed to represent early solar system
(2) Had amino acids (3) More left-handed molecules |
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Problems with Si-based life
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Si-Si is a weaker bond
Bonds only at high temps Si usually ends up bonding with O Rarer than Carbon |
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Benefits of Liquid Water
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(1) Good solvent
(2) Exists at good temperature (3) High heat capacity (4) Abundant (5) Expands as it freezes (6) High surface tension |
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Ingredients of Life
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Carbon
Liquid Water Energy |
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Molecular Composition of Life: Inorganic
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1 percent of weight; 20 types
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Molecular Composition of Life: Small Organics
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7 percent of weight; 750 types
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Molecular Composition of Life: Large Organics
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22 percent of weight; 5000 types
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Types of Macromolecules
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(1) Lipids
(2) Carbohydrates (3) Proteins (4) Nucleic Acids |
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Lipids: Characteristics
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(1) One hydrophobic end
(2) One hydrophilic end (3) Compact way to store energy (4) Useful in membranes |
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Carbohydrates: Characteristics
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(1) Hydroxyl groups
(2) Water-soluble (3) Sugars (4) Store energy |
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Proteins: Characteristics
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(1) Most complex macromolecule
(2) Long chains of amino acids (3) Function: structure, enzymes |
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Nucleic Acids: Characteristics
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(1) Largest macromolecule
(2) Nucleotides (3) Five-carbon sugar molecule (4) 1+ phosphate groups (5) N-containing compound |
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DNA: Characteristics
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(1) Two long molecular strands
(2) Comprises nucleotides |
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Life uses how many amino acids?
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20
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Life uses how many proteins?
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10,000
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Base pairs: what pairs with what?
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A with T(U)
C with G |
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Human DNA is made up of how many base pairs?
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3 billion
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Human DNA has how many genes?
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30,000
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Each human gene have how many base pairs?
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3,000
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RNA: What sugar takes place of which of DNA's sugars?
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U takes the place of T
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The simplest cell contains what?
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(1) DNA
(2) Salt solution (cytoplasm) (3) Enzymes (4) Ribosomes (5) Cell membrane |
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How many cells do humans have?
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10^13 (ten trillion)
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Causes of mutation
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cosmic rays
chemicals DNA replication errors |
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A broad recipe for life
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1. Raw ingredients
2. A process that can make macromolecules 3. Creation of a self-replicating macromolecule 4. The formation of cells 5. Evolution |
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Miller-Urey: Ingredients used
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H2,H2O, NH3 (ammonia), CH4 (methane) and a spark
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Miller-Urey: Result
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(1) Brown gunk in the water: organic matter like amino acids
(2) Even number of left-handed and right-handed molecules |
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Miller-Urey: Significance
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Many of the organic compounds needed for life can be naturally/easily made from chemical reactions involving a few simple molecular species
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Chirality
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The 'handedness' of molecules like amino acids
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All Earth life uses ____-handed amino acids
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left
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1 AU is how big?
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1.5 x 10^8 km
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Light travels how fast?
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3 x 10^5 km/sec
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Distance of moon to Earth in light years
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1 light-second
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Distance of Mars to Earth in light years
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4 light-minutes
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Distance of Alpha Centauri in light years
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4.3 light-years
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DNA can only replicate where?
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Within living cells.
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Early atmosphere composition
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CO2, N2, H20
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Average protein consists of how many amino acid monomers?
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100s
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Polymerization: Prevailing theory
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Polymers formed on clay by ponds that kept drying and freezing.
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DNA: Prevailing theory of its formation
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RNA World
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Molecular Phylogeny
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An approach to understanding the origin of life by studying the genetic record.
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Three main branches of life
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Archaea, Bacteria, and Eukarya
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A useful phylogenetic tree is based on what?
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The ribosomal RNA found in almost all cells
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Species closest to the root of the rRNA phylogenetic tree.
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Thermophiles/hyperthermophiles
Like the organisms populating deep-sea vents today |
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Life has been on Earth for
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almost 4 billion years
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The biological trace of evolution can be found in
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RNA/DNA nucleotide sequences
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The species closest to the root of the rRNA phylogenetic tree are
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thermophiles/hyperthermophiles
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In a phylogenetic tree, the longer the branch...
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...the more the rRNA varies between the ends
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