Astro 150

Front 1

where can we find meteorties

Back 1

arid old pieces of earth, no human competition
Antarctica, or desert

Front 2

where do most metorites come from

Back 2

astroid belt

Front 3

carbonaceous chondrites

Back 3

-4.6 billion years old
-basic building block of solar system
- not differentiated

Front 4

ordinary chondrite

Back 4

-most of what hits the earth
-cc that have been heated
-lack volatiles
- parent body big enough to have started heating
-only changed a little, somewhat primitive

Front 5

Achondrites

Back 5

basalt, impact breccia, pristine Highlands
-from astroids that were big enough to be geologically active

Front 6

stony-iron

Back 6

-from transition zone between iron core and rocky outside,
-very rare, pretty

Front 7

Iron

Back 7

-easy to find
- don't weather well
-widmanstatten
- cores of astroids

Front 8

Widmanstatten patttern

Back 8

-crystals of iron and nickel, that formed while cooling, cooling must be very very slow
-tells us meteorites are from core of astroids
-size of pattern tells how fast/slow it cooled

Front 9

shape and size of astroids

Back 9

most are potato shaped
-for every 1 astroid there are 10 1/3 of its size
-and astroid 500 km+ is spherical in shape

Front 10

asteroids and geological activity?

Back 10

- astroids are dead, no geological activity

Front 11

how are astroids composed

Back 11

rubble piles, which is why they don't spin as fast as they could

Front 12

what is the astroid belt/ how is it formed

Back 12

- a planet that never formed b/c of Jupiter
-know it wasn't formed from destruction of larger object because there are some very primitive astroids

Front 13

kirkwood gaps

Back 13

occur because of whole number resonances with Jupiter, hey are empty

Front 14

resonances

Back 14

- astroids are kicked in or out of astroid belt causing meteorites
-3:2 is a non harmful resonance

Front 15

igneous astroids

Back 15

belt closer to the sun

Front 16

primitive astroids

Back 16

belt farther from the sun

Front 17

electromagnetic spectrum:
grey white and black

Back 17

have straight lines across reflective spectra at different albedo

Front 18

electromagnetic spectrum:
colored objects

Back 18

have high albedo at the color they are

Front 19

remote sensing

Back 19

can tell us what a rock is made of by looking at the reflectance spectrum of a rock- different minerals absorb and reflect light differently

Front 20

Filters

Back 20

used to look at rocks similar in color and differentiate them

Front 21

irregular satellites

Back 21

-small(astroid size)
-formed by capture
-orbit: prograde and retrograde
high eccentricity
high inclination
far from planet

Front 22

regular satellites

Back 22

-large (earths moon size)
-formed by co accretion
-orbit: prograde
low eccentricity (pretty circular)
low inclination (around equator)
close to planet
synchronous rotation(same side toward planet like moon)
-composed of ice and rock

Front 23

rings

Back 23

-very small (cm to mm)
-orbit: prograde, very close to planet, low eccentricity, very low inclination

Front 24

roche limit equation

Back 24

2.5(radius of planet)

Front 25

roche limit

Back 25

the border between where the gravity is repulsive and where it is attractive

If the two smaller masses are far away from the large mass, the attractive force is dominate. If the two masses are close to the larger mass the repulsive force will dominate.

Front 26

roche limit rings and moons

Back 26

So what does all of this have to do with rings? Well, the ring systems of the giant planets all lie within the Roche limits of the planets. The rings are remnants of material of the early solar system that never formed into satellites because they were within the Roche limit. When two object came together, they did not accrete into a larger body, but moved apart and stayed smaller objects. A bit of an oversimplification is: inside Roche limit - Rings, outside Roche limit - satellites.

Front 27

in order to have tidal heating you need

Back 27

1. A massive central planet (Tidal forces depend on mass)
2. A moon orbiting close to the massive planet (Tidal forces really depend on distance).
3. Another moon in resonance with the inner moon. (You have to force an eccentric orbit in order to keep the distance between the inner moon and the planet changing)

Front 28

short period comets

Back 28

100 yrs or less

Front 29

where do short period comets originate

Back 29

in kuiper belt

Front 30

how are short period comets orbits

Back 30

mostly prograde
orbit in same plane as planets

Front 31

where do long period comets originate

Back 31

oort cloud, very far away

Front 32

how are long period comets orbits

Back 32

random orbigs

Front 33

compostition of comets

Back 33

ice and rock
Ices: H2O, CO2, CO, NH3, CH4

Front 34

tails

Back 34

ion tale
dust tale

Front 35

dust tail

Back 35

The dust tail consists of dust particles that have been pushed out of the coma by radiation pressure from the sun.
– The dust particles in the tail are individually in orbit about the sun.

Front 36

ion tail

Back 36

• The solar wind sweeps past the comet at about 500 km/s, causing the Ion tail to be swept in the anti-solar direction.
• magnetic force is very strong and produces ropes, knots and streamers that distinguish the ion tail from the dust tail.

Front 37

meteor showers

Back 37

when a comet hits the earth the particles cause a meteor shower

Front 38

saturn rings

Back 38

small, .6 albedo, very bright made of ice
-thickness only 100 m
-lots of gaps b/c of resonance with outside satelies

Front 39

f ring

Back 39

outside r-limit, there b/c it is being herded around by 2 little moons

Front 40

Uranus and Neptune rings

Back 40

similar to saturn's rings

Front 41

Jupiter's rings

Back 41

-aren't because of r-limit
- dark
-made of dust
-made of particles knocked off Jupiter's moons by astroids

Front 42

Calisto

Back 42

denisty 1.86 Albedo .3
-no geological activity
- dominated by small craters

Front 43

outer soar system craters

Back 43

hit by comets, smaller, did not go through late heavy bombardment
can't crater count because we have nothing to calibrate it with

Front 44

titan

Back 44

evidence of methane lakes,
maybe be and ice ocean below surface causing it to slip

Front 45

Io

Back 45

density 3.53 A=.6
-tidal heating
-2:1 resonance with Europa

Front 46

Io volcanoes

Back 46

-similar to geysers
-small shield volcanoes, rich in sulfur
-when cooling lava flows like water, when hot it flows slower
-color orange yellow

Front 47

Europa

Back 47

Density 3.02, Albedo .64
-big things punch through surface
- inside Jupiter's snow line
-global ocean

Front 48

enceladus

Back 48

1.6 density A= .99
-orbits Saturn
-don't know what is heating it, there is local geological activity,
-if tidal heated then mimus must be but mimus is dead

Front 49

Triton

Back 49

-orbits Neptune, retrograde, high inclination
-triton was captured, its moon took away excess energy
-thin secondary atmosphere which disapears
-active volcanism powered by solar heat
-used to be part of Kuiper belt

Front 50

kuiper belt

Back 50

unformed planet because it didnt have time accretion time =10^8(d/au)^3yrs
-hard to see because all objects are small and dark
-at lebrange points of Neptune, kicked around by Neptune

Front 51

pluto

Back 51

high eccentricity
small mass
small atmosphere (probably volatile elements slowly evaporating)
-dwarf planet

Front 52

Oort cloud

Back 52

defines edge of solar system
kicked around by Jupiter

Front 53

red spot

Back 53

-storm simalr to cyclone, high pressure system, because Jupiters atmosphere is so far above the ground they storm lasts longer because there is no ground for it to interact with

Front 54

primary atmosphere color

Back 54

colorless, and clear- hydrogen

Front 55

secondary atmosphere on Jupiter

Back 55

where the color comes from, sulfur

Front 56

Jupiter's atmosphere

Back 56

smooshed together from gravity
coriolis effect

Front 57

uranus and neptune color

Back 57

methane clouds because it is cooler

Front 58

Jupiter's core

Back 58

metallic hydrogen because of gravity, very magnetic

Front 59

3 things to have magnetic field

Back 59

-spin fast
- internal heat source
-conductor

Front 60

magnetic field and biology

Back 60

good protects us from solar wind
-particles can get trapped in radiation belt
- particles that ride magnetic field in create aurora

Front 61

magnetic field of uranus and neptune

Back 61

made from ionic ocean, so i doesn't coincide with rotation axis's, and these oceans aren't at the core of the planet

Front 62

how we know the activities of magnetic fields

Back 62

the direction of grains in rocks

Front 63

how solar formed

Back 63

gas and dust collapse and stars are formed with giant disk of dust around them

Front 64

material in solar system comes from

Back 64

super nova, previously recycled stars

Front 65

how long must planets be made in and why

Back 65

10 million years because after that the sun gets violent and blows all gas and dust away

Front 66

condensation temp

Back 66

the temp they go from a gas to a solid, metals and rocks have higher temps

Front 67

why is Jupiter so big

Back 67

it was first planet to form outside snow line- the amount of material you have to build a planet decreases as you move away from the sun

Front 68

how Jupiter was built

Back 68

1st build terrestrial cores

Front 69

mass and size of jupiter

Back 69

gravity overcomes strength of materials in the core of jupiter so that it is the same size as saturn but much more massive after a certain point nuclear fusion starts, but jupiter isnt massive enough,

Front 70

problems with our solar system formed by accretion

Back 70

-U and N would take longer than age of solar system to form where they are
-

Front 71

planetary migration

Back 71

planetary interactions, cause planets to move

Front 72

nice model

Back 72

maybe U and N formed closer to the sun then interactions w/ J and S kicked them out, J and S have a 2:1 resonance
-explains late heavy bombardment, scattered oort cloud and left over Kuiper belt
-inner solar system planets would have to form in outer solars system and then move in to have water on them

Front 73

future of earth

Back 73

as sun gets bigger h20 evaborates and creates a green house effect, becomes venus like
-.5 blyr photo synthesis no longer works
1 blyr eather becomes venus line

Front 74

circumstellar disk

Back 74

the disk from which planets are formed

Front 75

nebula

Back 75

where stars are being formed

Front 76

Radial Velocity

Back 76

-only cares about light from central star
-measure shift in spectra of star, away or towards instead of measuring the stars actual movement
-

Front 77

Doplar effect

Back 77

the sift in color of the light of star

Front 78

Amplitude

Back 78

bigger variation the more massive the planet

Front 79

Period

Back 79

Distance Planet is from central star
Kepler's 3rd law

Front 80

planets fount by radial velocity

Back 80

make up most the planets discovered
most have big planets closer to the sun biased because bigger variations with bigger size and lest time to observe the closer to the sun
means planetary migration is probably common

Front 81

transit

Back 81

when planets cross in front of central star

Front 82

transiting planets

Back 82

you can take a spectra of planet itself and get the chemical make up
star+planet-star

Front 83

is there a signature of life in atmosphere

Back 83

yes, oxygen, ozone is detectable by planetary spectra, signature of much more advanced state of biological activity

Front 84

microlensing-

Back 84

depends on general theroy of relativity-geometrical theory of gravity mass distrots space around it
as mass warps space light follows
-can detect earth sized objects
-once you see it you never see it again
-due to the gravity of a planet of a pasing star must pass in front of background star

Front 85

lagrange points

Back 85

-where gravity cancels to 0
trojan places where astroids congregate

Front 86

parent body of meteor

Back 86

astroid

Front 87

Carbonaceous chondrite
shape,size, D, K, primitive?

Back 87

irregular
small
3 made of rock
.4 not differentiated
Prim? yes

Front 88

Ordinary Chondrite
shape,size, D, K, primitive?

Back 88

Ir
a little bigger than CC
3
.38
a little less prim than cc (partially dif)

Front 89

A chondrites
shape,size, D, K, primitive?

Back 89

Spherical
large
3
.35
no (diff)

Front 90

Stony Iron
shape,size, D, K, primitive?

Back 90

closer to SP
lg
5 rock and Iron
<.4
no

Front 91

Iron
shape,size, D, K, primitive?

Back 91

SP from core
lg
8 Iron
<.4
No

Front 92

Kuiper Belt
shape,size, D, K, primitive?

Back 92

IR
sm
2(ice and rock)
.4
Yes prim