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75 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Pt has disorder of collagen synthesis & blue sclera
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Osteogenesis Imperfecta
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"brittle bones"
Increased bone density |
Osteopetrosis
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Defective cartilage synthesis
decreased epiphyseal formation short limbs with normal size head and trunk |
Achondroplasia
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Osteoporosis
Ca level? P level? alk. phosphatase? |
All normal
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Causes of osteoporosis
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-decreased bone mass
-E deficiency -immobilization -Cushing's syndrome |
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Osteomalacia
Ca level? P level? alk. phosphatase? |
Low Ca, Low P
High alk phosphatase |
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Causes of osteomalacia
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-impaired mineralization
-lack Vit D -chronic renal insufficiency |
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Paget's disease of bone
Ca level? P level? alk. phosphatase? |
Very high alk phosphatase
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Cause of Paget's disease of bone
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excessive bone resorption with replacement
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What kind of cartilage?
-joints -developing bone -trachea/larynx -nose |
Hyaline cartilage
(type II collagen) |
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What type of cartilage?
-Ear |
Elastic cartilage
(elastin) |
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What type of cartilage?
-IV discs -menisci |
Fibrocartilage
(type I collagen) |
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What type of benign cartilage tumor may develop into chondrosarcoma?
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Enchondroma
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Key features of chondrosarcoma
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-malignant
-spine, pelvic bone -slower growing than osteosarcoma |
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What are the benign bone tumors?
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-osteoma (skull)
-osteoid osteoma (painful, tibia or femur) -osteoblastoma (larger, painless -->malignant) |
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What are the malignant bone tumors?
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Osteosarcoma
-highly malignant -metaphysis of long bone (knee) -Codman's triangle Ewing's sarcoma -very aggressive -young males -pelvis, long bones -w/i marrow cavity -"onion skin" appearance |
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Which muscle dystrophy has absent dystrophin protein?
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Duchenne's muscle dystrophy
(most severe, pelvic girdle weakness) -boys 3-7 yo onset -proximal m. weakness --> waddling gait -pseudohypertrophy calf m (fatty & fibrous) -increased CPK |
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What is the inheritance pattern of
-Limb girdle m. dystrophy -Facioscapulohumeral m. dystrophy -Myotonic m. dystrophy |
- AR: late onset
- AD: late onset - AD: late onset, distal m. involved, inability to voluntarily relax m. |
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What is Gower's sign?
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child uses hands to "climb up" his/her own body
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Most common supratentorial tumor in children
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Craniopharyngioma
-compresses optic n. |
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Neural tube tumor which is always fatal
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Glioblastoma
M > F |
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Most common degenerative disease of the CNS
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Alzeheimer's
-diffuse cortical atrophy -senile plaques -neurofibrillary tangles |
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-bradykinesia, rigidity, resting tremor
-dopamine depletion -Lewy bodies (substantia nigra) |
Parkinson's disease
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-rapidly progressive
-degeneration of corticospinal tract (UMN) -degeneration of alpha-motoneuron (LMN) |
ALS
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Difference in UMN & LMN lesion
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- UMN: spasticity, increased DTRs
- LMN: paralysis, fasciculation, absent DTRs |
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Devic's disease
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-like MS
-limited to SC and optic n. |
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Features of Guillian-Barre
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-peripheral n. (motor)
-autoimmune (often following viral infection) |
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Features of Multiple Sclerosis
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-onset 20-40 yo
-a/w cool, temperate climates -oligoclonal bands (multiple monoclonal gamma globulins) |
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Characteristics of Conn adenoma of the adrenal cortex
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-increased mineralocorticoids
-hypernatremia --> hypervolemia --> HTN -K loss --> m. weakness |
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2 thyroid diseases that you see hyperplasia & hypertrophy? Differences?
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- Plummer's hyperthyroidism (nodular toxic goiter)
- Diffuse simple goiter hypothyroidism (iodine deficiency) |
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Key feature of thyroid medullary CA
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-malignant
-parafollicular (C cells) |
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____ is more common than follicular CA
Follicular is ____ than ____ CA |
Papillary CA
more aggressive, papillary CA |
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Secondary causes of hyperparathyroidism
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-chronic renal failure
-Vit D deficiency |
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Most common cause of hyperparathyroidism
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adenoma (primary)
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Most common cause of hypoparathyroidism
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thyriodectomy
(DiGeorge's, PTH low, Ca low) |
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Pseudohypoparathyroidism
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-PTH elevated
-Ca low |
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Pseudopseudohypoparathyriodism
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PTH normal
Ca normal |
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Renal osteodystrophy
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chronic RF --> decrease P excretion --> P binds ionized Ca --> hypocalcemia --> increases PTH --> bone demineralization
Tx - Aluminum binds P |
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What is MEN
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Multiple endocrine neoplasia
loss of tumor suppressor gene |
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- adrenal cortex
-pituitary -parathyroid -pancreas (gastrinoma) |
MEN Type 1
seen with peptic ulcers |
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-adrenal medulla
-thyroid medulla -parathyroid |
MEN Type 2A
a/w pheochromocytoma |
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-adrenal medulla
-thyroid medulla -mucosal neuromas -marfaniod features |
MEN Type 2B
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Premalignant benign skin tumor
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actinic keratosis
|
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pearly, gray papule on skin
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Basal cell carcinoma
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-erythematous, scaly/oozing ulcer on skin
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Squamous cell carcinoma
Bowen's disease - squamous cell CA in situ |
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-brown, black, red, white, purple, irregular borders on skin
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Melanoma
lentigo maligna - horizontal nodular melanoma - vertical |
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"ABCs" of melanoma
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Asymmetrical
Borders irregular Color variation Diameter increasing |
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Auto antibody against intracellular junctions of keratinocytes
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Pemphigus
|
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Honey colored crust on superficial skin
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Impetigo
caused by Staph or beta hemolytic Strep |
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Does a cavernous hemangioma resolve spontaneously?
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NO - "port-wine" stain
a/w Sturge-Weber |
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Toxin that causes "honeycomb" pneumonitis
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Cadmium
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Toxin that causes cardiomyopathy
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Cobalt
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Toxin that causes lung CA
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Chromium
Arsenic |
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Toxin that inhibits heme synthesis and causes renal tubular necrosis
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Lead
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Toxin that is neurotoxic ("Minamata disease") and proximal tubular necrosis
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Mercury
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Toxin that cause bladder CA
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Aromatic amines
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Toxin that causes mesothelioma
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Asbestos
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Toxin that causes leukemia
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Benzene
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Toxin that causes liver angiosarcoma
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Vinyl Chloride
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Toxin that causes fulminant hepatitis
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alpha - amanitin
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Toxin that forms carboxyhemoglobin
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CO
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Toxin that inhibits mitochondrial cytochromes --> loss of O2 utilization
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Cyanide
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What does Gram + bacteria have? Color?
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Rich peptidoglycan
Purple |
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What does Gram - bacterial have? Color?
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Poor in peptidoglycan
Red |
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What does it stain for - Ziehl Neelsen?
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Acid fast stain red
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What does it stain for - india ink?
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Cryptococcus
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What does it stain for - Giemsa?
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blood smears
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What does it stain for - PAS?
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glycogen, mucopolysaccharides
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What does it stain for - prussian blue?
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Iron
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What does it stain for - congo red?
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Amyloid
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Normal flora found on skin
Potential pathogens |
-Staph. epidermidis
-Staph. aureus |
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Normal flora found in nasopharynx
Potential pathogens |
-Strep. viridans, anaerobes
-Strep pneumonia, N. meningitides, H. influenza |
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Normal flora found in the mouth
Potential pathogens |
-Strep. viridans
-Candida albicans |
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Normal flora found in colon
Potential pathogens |
-E. coli
-Bacteroides fragilis, enterococci |
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Normal flora found in vagina
Potential pathogens |
-Lactobacillus, Streptococci
-Candida albicans |