Asian Sensation2

Front 1

Public Perception of 5 Asian groups

Back 1

1. CHinese= viewd as good Asian in contrast to Jap
2. Filipino= "little brown brothers"
3. Koreans= victims of Jap. imperialism and weak friend of US
4. Asian Indians= + friends of US
5. Japanese= negative view of Asians

Front 2

How perceptions came about during Wartime

Back 2

US propaganda/international politics

Front 3

Employment Opportunities during Wartime

Back 3

- American born Asians found it easier to get jobs that unions previously excluded Asians from
- open job market to women
- executive order 8802= government contractors cant discriminate in hiring

Front 4

Immigration/Naturalization

Back 4

Repealed Chinese Exclusion Act
Madam Chiang Kai Shek said Chinese would like to be accepted, led to repeal and quota of 105, Japan challenged white dominance

Front 5

2 types of internment camps

Back 5

Justice Department Camps for "dangerous enemy aliens"

War Relocation Authority Relocation Centers

Front 6

3 Reasons for the internment of Japanese Americans

Back 6

1. Racial Prejudice
2. War Hysteria
3. Failed Government Leadership

Front 7

NAME the 3 Major Cases as a Result of Internment/Discrimination

Back 7

Min Yasui 1943
Gordon Hirabayashi- 1943
Fred Korematsu- 1944

Front 8

Min Yasui

Back 8

1943- violated curfew rule purposely because he was a lawyer and claimed he had constitutional rights as a citizen, supreme court ruled the military had the right to impose curfew

Front 9

Gordon Hirabayashi

Back 9

1943
violated curfew, evacuation order
supreme court ruled against him because military had the right to impose laws during time of war

Front 10

Fred Korematsu

Back 10

1944
evacuation order- was in love with a caucasian woman and did not want to leave, supreme court ruled against him. example of beyond politics because waited for after the FDR election to make decision, example of able to arrest someone solely on suspicion

Front 11

Hawaii during WWII

Back 11

Pearl Harbor: 33% in Hawaii= Japanese
Marshal Law used against Japanese citizens, restrictions placed on the Japanese in the name of military necessity

Front 12

Military necessity in Hawaii

Back 12

- use of Japanese language outlawed
- Japanese issued curfews (had to be in their homes by 8pm or would be arrested)
- couldn't go beyond a 5 mile radius of their residence

Front 13

Why was keeping Hawaii necessary?

Back 13

If Japanese conquered Hawaii, it would have an easier time to get to Mainland US

Front 14

John Burns

Back 14

Democrat, police chief of Honolulu, had a lot of Japanese-American friends and stood up for them during WWII

Front 15

Hung Wai Ching

Back 15

Chinese-American in Hawaii stood up for Japanese-American friends

Front 16

Mainland- West Coast

Back 16

- removal of 120,000 Japanese
- WRA
- Japanese were in camps not because they committed any crimes
Government had a conflict because they had to protect people's rights and protect people and country

Front 17

Executive Order 9066 (John DeWitt's Final Recommendation)

Back 17

- Allows for the movement of Japanese population to military zones
- marked beginning of Japanese internment
- 2 weeks notice to move

Front 18

Post WWII Changes for Japanese

Back 18

1. Women and men were able to leave internment camp if they passed loyalty questionnaire
2. education: reach economic and social mobility
3. entry into mainstream labor market- model minority, upward mobility
4. Entry into American middle class: suburbs instead of Chinatown

Front 19

Post WWII Changes for Chinese

Back 19

target of hostilities, no longer targeting Japanese, single out because of Communist China

Front 20

Post WWII Changes Cultural Severance

Back 20

Japanese did not pass culture onto children between 40's-60's

Front 21

Post WWII Changes in Hawaii

Back 21

- Fall of sugar industry
- workers realized they could work together
- ILWU: international longshoremen and warehouse workers union- wanted to bring all workers in Hawaii under 1 union

Front 22

Asians in politics

Back 22

Saund, Inouye, Mink, Ariyoshi, Cayetano, Locke, Jindal

Front 23

Second Wave of Asian Immigration

Back 23

1945- 1965 began with repeal of Chinese exclusion Act, Asians were no longer excluded
1. War Brides
- spouses of American soldiers
- War Brides Act: 1945- allowed war brides to come to USA
in 1950, 75% of immigrants coming into USA= women

2. Political Refugees
- because of Communist China, many Chinese came during second wave immigration, 23,000
3. Adoptees: asian children adopted by white Americans

Front 24

Third Wave of Asian immigration

Back 24

1965- present
1965 immigration act: took place of previous immigration act, allowed a 20,000 visa ceiling to countries outside Western Hemisphere, family ties and occupational sill replace race and origin.
- exempt from quota:
1. over 21- unmarried and married children of US citizens
2. siblings of US Citizens
3. workers, scientists, artists of exceptionability
4. workers skilled or unskilled in jobs where labor force is low
5. refugees
6. spouses and children of permanent residents

Front 25

First Wave Refugee

Back 25

1975- 1978, 130,000 refugees, 95% Vietnamese, 5% cambodian
indochina migration refugee assistance act

Front 26

indochina migration refugee assistance act

Back 26

1975- President ford after fall of saigon allowed S. Vietnamese/Cambodians to enter USA under special status. Came thru Camp Pendelton, Fort Chafee, Fort Indiantown, Aglin AFB

Front 27

Second Wave of Refugees

Back 27

1978- 1994
520,000
less educated
50% Vietnamese, 40% Cambodians, 10% Laotians
left in fishing boats
flee as a result of Khmer Rouge: communist regime in Cambodia who saw anyone who had been involved with US as traitors

Front 28

Difficulties faced by refugees

Back 28

- lack of language skills and largely different economy and technological advances posed issus
- remained on welfare
- during recession, many americans were angry that asians were receiving aid

Front 29

1988 Amerasian Homecoming Act

Back 29

Amerasian: child of Vietnamese woman and US soldier
Americans wanted Congress to pass this act and register by 1990, 1995 it was repealed but they could come due to 1965 immigration act

Front 30

Model Minority Myth

Back 30

- asian americans were seen as successful and hardworking
- Deborah Woo- debunks this myth by saying that immigrants did not go from rags to riches but came from well off families in their home countries, 1965 immigration act recruited many professionally trained immigrants rather than unskilled workers, statistics show they are not as great as they appear

Front 31

Takaki 109- 135

Back 31

Common stereotypes in contemporary America- Yellow Book

Front 32

Invention of Asian American Culture

Back 32

refers to east asian culture is made up

Front 33

Panethnic Identity

Back 33

- umbrella encompassing all Asian ethnic groups
- Asians did not recognize their common interests and groups until 1968

Front 34

Asian American Political Alliance

Back 34

May 1968
Student activists, went beyond ethnic differences and wanted to combine together, college students in CA

Front 35

San Francisco State College THIRD WORLD STUDENT STRIKE

Back 35

November 1968
involved Asian American Political Alliance. Had 3 Demands:
1. self determination in education (thought existing curriculum was too Eurocentric and didn't learn anything about racial minority/gender)
2. interracial coalition- not just Asian American thing but also African American and Native American thing
3. New form of politics- race based politics.
4. Establishment of nations first ethnic studies program

Front 36

Why 1968 was an important year

Back 36

1. Asian Americans identified themselves as a group
2. domestic- race based problems were not taken care of during Civil Rights movement
3. national- Vietnam War/TET Offensive, thought certain activities commited by US were atrocious, made us question whether war should be fought