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23 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Functionalism
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* views society as a system of INTERRELATED PARTS
* family, education, economics, religion, politics * work for the well-being of the whole (like the human body) * 2 questions: what does it do? what consequences does it have? * manifest (obvious) functions vs. latent (less obvious) functions |
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Conflict Theory
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* sees the existence of inequalities: those with power vs. those without power
* Marxian terminology * powerful exploit the labor of powerless * other areas (i.e. family) mirror the inequalities of society * family is one of the most violent social institutions (abuse between siblings, partners, spouses) |
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Symbolic Interactionism
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Cooley: "the looking glass self"
society is a mirror in which we observe how others react to us; we form who we are from reactions and form positive/negative self image Mead: taking the role of the other: looking at yourself through another's perspective much drawn from social psychology how to explain divorce * sociologists more concerned with global than individual reasons * increased divorce rate due to reduction of stigma of divorce, not that people were happier with lover divorce rate; also, meaning of divorce changed |
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Nuclear family of orientation
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the family we're born into
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Nuclear family of procreation
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the family we create as adults
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Primary group
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small groups with intense intimate interactions and relationships
examples: family, small group of friends |
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Secondary groups
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larger, less intimate groups where members do not have personal knowledge of each other
example: this class |
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Kitano and Daniels
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Historical Circumstances
* Goals and expectations hinder or enable adaptation example: if an immigrant does not plan to stay permanently, will not bother to learn the language Demographic Factors * young people will pick up the language more so than older generations * level of education, social class Cultural Factors * what are the cultural values you bring with you o Barriers within society Prejudice/discrimination • Attitude/acts o Relationship between host country and home country Do they trade Treaties o National and international economy In global recession increased hostility toward immigrant workers |
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Split household families
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1848 - 1920
not economically feasible for the rest of the family to come Gold Rush = America is Gold Mountain |
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Production
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income generation
economic aspects of the family |
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Reproduction of Family
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Having children
Maintaining family, home, social relationships Socialization of children * how we acquire our sense of self * lifelong learning process through which a child learns and internalizes the values, goals, and expectations of society * taking care of the elder |
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Confucianism and the Family
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o 5 Cardinal relationships
Husband-wife Parent-child Older sibling – younger sibling Emperor/king – subject Friend – friend o Three of the five relationships are within the family o All but friend-friend are hierarchical By gender and age o Filial piety Incorporates reciprocity of duty Children must care for parents in senior years o While all children were desired, male children were favored Economics • Male children took care of parents Patrilineal society • Family name, property, etc taken by sons Sons viewed as permanent members of family • Daughters were temporary visitors o After marriage, they left Confucianism does not just focus on living family • Current family is doing well because of contributions of ancestors • Ancestral graves o Rites performed by sons of the family |
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Small Producer Family
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1920 - 1965
INTERDEPENDENCE of family as an economic unit o Before the repeal of the Chinese Exclusion Act o Small businesses, register themselves as merchants, bring their wife and family o Extremely low divorce rate o Women to some degree could exert their own selfhood In-laws were not present o Women were the emotional centers of their families Children often did not know their fathers very well o Role reversal in families Once children had lives outside of their homes, they often became the navigators of American culture for their parents |
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Diverse Chinese American Family
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1965 and after
o Working class immigrant families Usually bring fewer skills in terms of job specialization Some come with very little capital, economic resources Tend to settle in and around Chinatown • Ethnic enclave o Advantages Familiar food (spices, groceries), language, cheaper housing, services available (legal, medical, social) to help navigate new environment o Disadvantages Exploitation by co-ethnics • Low wages • Threats, intimidation • Almost no benefits • Long hours at work • Few breaks • Poor working conditions No upward mobility Separate existence • Isolation from the rest of society • Obstacle to acculturation Family life suffers • Both husband and wife have to work long hours at low-paying jobs • Little time for each other • Older siblings become like surrogate parents o Or, latch key kids The key is left for the children They come home to an empty house Do chores/watch tv/do homework by themselves • Reproductive aspects suffer • Enclave economy at first seems to have advantages for newly-arrived working class families o Jobs available catering to ethnic clientele o If you came with some capital, you may not take this job But it helps you survive for the time being May instead exhaust almost all of your capital on learning language and/or a job skill, then getting a better job • Poorer immigrants did not have this option o Professional immigrant families Come with knowledge, education, social capital • Job skills, specialization, may have western-style education • Familiar with western ideas, food, culture, values Both husbands and wives usually educated May, soon after arrival, sponsor arrival of children May be egalitarian lifestyle within family • In husband-wife relationships o Equality in decision-making, childcare, domestic work, labor o Make time for family |
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Chinese Exclusion Act
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o 1882
o Intended to suspend the entry of Chinese laborers for ten years o Extended in 1892 and 1902 and again indefinitely in 1904 o Chinese population declined from 105,465 in 1880 to 61,639 in 1920 |
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Immigration Reform Act 1965
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o Civil Rights Movement inspired change
Were all-encompassing for humanity Asian immigrants benefited o Economic inequality False concept that foreigners hurt economy A certain amount of foreigners improve the economy The U.S. needed labor |
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One-step-up Enclave
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o While they maintain close ties with Chinatown, they have frequent communication with other ethnic groups
o May one day replace other ethnic enclaves o Mostly made up of immigrants who already have resided in the U.S. for several years o Most households are complete family units, rather than single persons or non-traditional families o Asian Americans moving into a one-step-up enclave intend to settle down despite the lack of ample resources o Even if their financial situation improves, many residents may decide to stay rather than leave for a suburban enclave |
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New Immigrant Enclave
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o Situated in places with the lowest median household income
o More single persons or incomplete o Cost is a determinant factor in residents’ choices of residence Poor housing facilities High crime rate Noise pollution Poor school systems o New immigrants hindered by informational, cultural, and language barriers |
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Suburban Enclave
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o May have higher median income than the rest of the city
o Residents still share concerns with other enclaves More likely to think that the police did not treat them with respect o Residents are mostly professionals and entrepreneurs |
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Differences between Japanese and Chinese Immigration
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Southern China vs. all of Japan
China not cohesive vs. Japan was a world power More Japanese women than Chinese women Japanese women better educated, "more adventurous" Japanese government saw the ills of the bachelor society, attempted to even the odds Japanese patrilineal, but only the eldest son inherited |
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Issei
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a. Traditional Japanese values
b. Patriarchal families c. Mostly arranged marriages d. Limited communication between husband and wife e. Focus on children (all for the sake of the children) f. Traditional marriages g. Father authoritarian h. Children sent to Japanese school to learn Japanese culture and language |
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Nisei
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i. Were the translators for the Issei
ii. Were taught by their parents a. Duty, mutual obligation, strength, endurance b. Importance of education i. To overcome handicap of being visible minority iii. View of the world a. Limited knowledge of Japanese b. Language was a barrier between parents and children c. Felt their “two-ness” with the world i. Lives of their identities bifocated iv. American born children of Issei v. Bi-cultural identity vi. Marriages based on choice vii. Marriages mostly within the Japanese-American community viii. Many had college education |
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Sansei
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i. Post-WWII era
a. Issei = pre-WWII ii. Issei finally had a chance to become American citizens iii. Discriminatory land laws repealed iv. Housing policies were no longer discriminatory v. Nisei did not have their children go to Japanese schools vi. Became much more acculturated a. Extremely limited knowledge of the Japanese culture b. Rather than strong ethnic identity, focus more on symbolic ethnicity c. Focus on American culture d. Married outside their group in record numbers i. Endogamy exogamy vii. Sansei low in ethnic identity, high in acculturation a. Issei high in ethnic identity, low in acculturation |