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76 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Excavation:
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• Expensive and Time consuming
• Exposure, Processing and recording of archeological remains • To record context of artifacts in an empirically recreated fashion o Recover artifacts location and do stratigraphy of the site. |
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Stratigraphy
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Study of stratified objects,
Understanding how arch. Sediment is laid |
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Principle of Superposition:
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Older Layers below most recent layers
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Provenience:
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Where things are within a site
• 3 Dimensional location • N, W, S, E Location Survey: |
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Survey:
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• Discovery and recording of archaeological sites or other human-created features, such as roads and irrigation
• Cheaper Less Destructive |
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Textual Evidence:
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• Evidence in writing
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Willard Libby:
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• Did research on unstable radio isotopes
• Found out that they have a half life |
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Half Life:
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Time it takes for half of mass of radio active material to break down from radioactive form to stable form
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Cambridge Half Life:
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• Period of Time it takes half mass of 14C to turn into 14N
• 5730 +/- 40 …5,00 0 to 6,000 |
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ABOLUTE DATING
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Numerical date
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Terminus ante quem
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Point BEFORE which
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Terminus post quem
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Point AFTER which
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Calendrical Dating:
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• Using historical records that record the specific time and date of an event
• Date of text, on a coin, tombstone, building etc. • Pompeii, August 24, AD 79 |
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Dendrochronology:
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(Tree Ring Dating)
• Trees grow at variable rates • Count rings from outside (earliest) to inside (modern) • Compare widths • When 20 widths are equal, you can go back in time • Use outer most sample • Use: Find death date of tree • Created by A.E. Douglas |
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A.E. Douglas
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o Astrologer from UofA
o Correlating rain fall on earth with sun spots on sun o Used tree growth as Proxy Data P.D.-indirect indications of data you want to collect but can’t o Douglas wanted rain fall data from the way past, o He argued tree growth rings would help him find this out |
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Radiometric Dating:
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• Based on known decay rates of radioactive isotopes, or on the known rates of other natural phenomena
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14C=Radiocarbon dating:
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• Year Organic Material died
• Uses naturally occurring radioisotope Carbon-14 to determine the age of carbonaceous materials up to about 60,000 years. • Only works on organic material, material that breathed the atmosphere o Example: Charcoal, trees, plants, |
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Potassium Argon Dating: (KAr)
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• Volcano erupts
• The molten rocks contain radioactive isotopes • Rock freezes • Makes gas called, Potassium Argon, KAr • Bust Rock get gas get date • Works on Igneous rock • Never dates artifacts • Dates strata rock, when sample solidified, liquidsolid |
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Thermo luminescence:
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• Works best on Clay, pottery. Also on quartz
• Hit by sun’s photons • Photons get stuck in clay • When you fire the clay, releases radiation energy, resets clock • Measure trapped radiation from when poetry was fired last • No time limit |
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Serration:
• Stylistic (poetry picture exercise) o Change in style through time o Dress, ideas, way they carry themselves o Sir Flanders Petrie:• Frequency: • Battle Ship curves: |
• Stylistic (poetry picture exercise)
o Change in style through time o Dress, ideas, way they carry themselves o Sir Flanders Petrie:• Frequency: • Battle Ship curves: |
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Stylistic
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(poetry picture exercise)
o Change in style through time o Dress, ideas, way they carry themselves |
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Sir Flanders Petrie:
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Born in England
Goes to Egypt, assigned to Diospois Pana Found 2000 Rock cut tombs from Predynastic Period=4000-300BC Only pots were left, all good stuff raided and taken Pots varied in width and handles Sequence Dating: Lined up by similar styles and sizes 1942 dies, head removed and sent to England 1945 head put In formaldehyde ad in jar |
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Sequence Dating:
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Lined up by similar styles and sizes
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• Frequency:
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o Things we use change in time, style changes in time
o Not predictable James (Jim) Deetz American Historical Archeologist |
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James (Jim) Deetz
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American Historical Archeologist
has to do with frequency |
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• Battle Ship curves:
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o Shape of serration graph formed by points
o Represent things such as the rise in popularity, period of popularity and eventual decline o (what that extra credit assignment was) |
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Stratigraphy:
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Study of stratified objects,
• Understanding how arch. Sediment is laid o Principle of Superposition: Provenience: |
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o Principle of Superposition:
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Older Layers below most recent layers
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Provenience:
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Where things are within a site
3 Dimensional location • N, W, S, E Location |
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B.P:
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• Before Present
• Only dates things that die before 1950 |
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Boucher de Perthes:
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• Rock hound, geologist
• Abbeville Graves in Abbeville France • Relic stream head (dry stream bed) • Found animal bones and human remains • Used Superposition to argue that area was exceptionally old • Used Association: o Animal and human remains in same area o Things found in same strata close, sate same time o People and Animals were around same time • Argued people had been around a very long time • 4004 BC Adam and Eve |
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Charles Lyell:
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• Tried to understand why landforms were the way they were
• Phenomena, erosion • Said we could do this without God o Uniformitarianism: |
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o Uniformitarianism:
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All natural processes that we observe today are held true in the past
Whether, water still flows down stream, earth rotates around sun |
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Catastrophism:
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• Alternative to Uniformitarianism
• Argument that natural processes are the reason for the sudden disappearance of some species and the rise of new ones. o Jacques Cuvier: French Paleontologist |
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Jacques Cuvier:
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French Paleontologist
mad up Catastrophism: |
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James Usher:
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• Arch Bishop or Ireland
• Built family tree back to Adam and Eve • 4004 BC |
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Law of Association:
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Any Two items found in some geological context tend to date at similar times
• Used to say people and animals were around at the same time |
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Law of Superposition:
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Older artifacts lay below Modern artifacts
• Provenience: |
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Uniformitarianism:
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: All processes by which the Universe operates today is true in how it operated in the past also
• Whether, stars, sun, water flow, gravity |
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Material Culture
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Anything that may have to do with human behavior
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Artifact:
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Made or modified by humans
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Ecofact:
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Naturally occurring material but still involved in our culture
• Food remains, animal bones, seeds |
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Regions:
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Contain many sites
• Site: Place where people have done something in the past Feature: Non portable artifact Example: ASU=site TEMPE=region |
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• Site:
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Place where people have done something in the past
o Long or short |
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Feature:
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Non portable artifact
Thing people have built that aids or de-aids behavior Roads, temples, homes, fire pits |
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Datum Point:
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Specific fixed location from which all measurements on a sire are made or to which they are called or calibrated
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Leonard Woolley:
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• Trained Iraqi archaeologist
o UR-Modern Iraq World’s first city Ziggurat-Mesopotamia step Pyramid Massive Temple Platforms Elevate Holy Places |
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o UR
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Leonard Woolley:
• Trained Iraqi archaeologist o UR-Modern Iraq World’s first city Ziggurat-Mesopotamia step Pyramid Massive Temple Platforms Elevate Holy Places |
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Queen Pubic:
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• Laid to rest massive burial
• Surrounded by men and people • Think was a massive suicide |
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Accelerator Mass-Spectroscopy: (AMS)
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• Directly counts the Number of C14atoms
• Requires a smaller amount • Very expensive |
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Artifact:
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Made or modified by humans
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Ecofact:
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Naturally occurring material but still involved in our culture
• Food remains, animal bones, seeds |
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Regions:
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Contain many sites
• Site: Place where people have done something in the past Feature: Non portable artifact Example: ASU=site TEMPE=region |
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• Site:
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Place where people have done something in the past
o Long or short |
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Feature:
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Non portable artifact
Thing people have built that aids or de-aids behavior Roads, temples, homes, fire pits |
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Datum Point:
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Specific fixed location from which all measurements on a sire are made or to which they are called or calibrated
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Leonard Woolley:
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• Trained Iraqi archaeologist
o UR-Modern Iraq World’s first city Ziggurat-Mesopotamia step Pyramid Massive Temple Platforms Elevate Holy Places |
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o UR
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Leonard Woolley:
• Trained Iraqi archaeologist o UR-Modern Iraq World’s first city Ziggurat-Mesopotamia step Pyramid Massive Temple Platforms Elevate Holy Places |
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Queen Pubic:
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• Laid to rest massive burial
• Surrounded by men and people • Think was a massive suicide |
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Accelerator Mass-Spectroscopy: (AMS)
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• Directly counts the Number of C14atoms
• Requires a smaller amount • Very expensive |
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Context:
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• Arch. Seek to determine patterning of artifacts to infer human behavior
o Primary: found right where used o Secondary: NOT found where used Main Forms |
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Baulks:
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• Dirt archeologist leave to compare
• Used on huge excavations • Where people have been living for hundreds of years |
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Law code of Hammurabi:
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• Found in Babylon before 1700 BC
• Written on Stela • Depiction on top of Hammurabi and god Shamash giving laws to Hammurabi o Shamash: Pantheon god of legality, laws • Depiction is similar to the ten commandments • Like from God to Mosses Alarmists->Susa->Southwestern Iran Alarmists over ran Hammurabi • Took the law code as a trophy • Put in their courtyard • LAW CODE |
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o Shamash:
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• Depiction on top of Hammurabi and god Shamash giving laws to Hammurabi
o Shamash: Pantheon god of legality, laws |
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Hatshepsut:
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• Woman,
• 1479 Tetmoses II had a son who was too young to take throne • Tet II sister Hatshepsut appointed as regent • Ruled for 19 years and did very good job • Made herself a temple phisdae at Dei al-Bahri with o Cartouche: • Tetmoses III in power now • Tells workers to go erase his Aunt’s name from her temple • Mad that his aunt was such a good ruler |
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o Cartouche:
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Linguistic device that tells you something
Vertical writing on horizontal is just text Horizontal writing on vertical is proper name Huge messages with her name all over |
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Amenophis IV:
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• 1350 BC
• Powerful Egyptian • First monotheistic person • Changed his name to Akhenaten • He moved capital from Memphis to Amarna o MemphisSouth Modern Cairo |
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Systematic Research Design:
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• Formal means arch. Lays out where he is going to excavate.
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Academic Archeology:
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• Come up with problem
• Look where to solve, study area ThebesSouthern Egypt |
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Tutankhamen:
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Only ruled for a few years
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Legitimation:
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• King says this is what I’m going to do
• Follow these rules and you will be okay • They will be good rules • But you need to support me and keep me in this position |
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Musculoskeletal stress markers:
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• Traits to reconstruct habitual skeletal patterns
• From skeleton determined people were Anglo Saxons • Head traumas and dating • Dated to time of Anglo Saxons |
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Cuneiform writing:
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• One of Earliest forms of writing expression
• Created by Sumerians in about 3000 BC • Written on clay tablets • Written in the form of pictures/pictographs • Wedge shaped, why called CuneiformLatin word Cuneus |
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Parsimonious Explanation:
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• Explanation or theory that explains a relationship using
relatively few assumptions • Similar to Occam’s Razor • A more simpler explanation is just as good if not better than a more complex one |
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Rosetta Stone:
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• Explanation or theory that explains a relationship using
relatively few assumptions • Similar to Occam’s Razor • A more simpler explanation is just as good if not better than a more complex one |
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Radio Carbon Years:
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• Radiometric-based on radioactivity
• Used when measuring radioactive isotopes • Used when dating ORGANIC material • Goes back 50,000 years |