Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
74 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
- 3rd side (hint)
|
Capillaries |
- gas exchange - 1 cell thick walls - low Bp - Small lumen - blood to the heart |
|
|
|
Hydrated |
Reacting with water |
|
|
|
Systole |
Contracting |
Triglycerides are a type of this |
|
|
How is blood pumped through vessels? |
They’re ACTIVE DYNAMIC organs: the vessels expand & constrict |
|
|
|
Thrombosis |
Blood clot |
|
|
|
Peripheral reisistance |
Friction between blood & vessel |
|
|
|
Glycosidic bond |
A type of covalent bond that joins monosaccharides (sugars) E.g. glucose + glucose Fructose + glucose |
|
|
|
3 main polysaccharides |
Starch, glycogen, cellulose (in food & soluble) |
|
|
|
What is starch made of? |
Amylose & amylopectin |
|
|
|
What is a lipid made from? |
Glycerol + 3 fatty acids |
|
|
|
Saturated fats |
- single C bond (c-c) - strong intermolecular forces > solid @ room temp - STRAIGHT chains |
|
|
|
Unsaturated fats |
- double C bond (C=C) - ^^causes a kink in chain > chains r separated > weak intermolecular forces > liquid @ room temp |
|
|
|
What’s the point of a lipoprotein? |
So that lipids can travel in the blood as it becomes soluble through joining with protein |
|
|
|
Atheroma |
- Fatty deposit/ a deposit of lipids (e.g. cholesterol) in the arteries (> degeneration of the artery walls > restriction of blood flow due to risk of thrombosis) - atherosclerosis |
|
|
|
Plaque |
Atheroma (made of cholesterol) with a hard fibrous cap (made of calcium & cell debris) |
|
|
|
What forms a blood clot |
- fibrin - platelet - red blood cells |
|
|
|
What needs to be present in the blood for a blood clot to form? |
- vitamin K - calcium ions (Ca2+) (From the blood plasma) |
|
|
|
Why does ^ salt intake ^ risk of CVD? |
It ^ BP > more water enters the blood by osmosis > blood volume increases |
|
|
|
HDLs (define +function) |
1) mainly protein 2) transport cholesterol (through the blood) from body cells to liver where it’s recycled & excreted 3) reduces total lvl of blood cholesterol when it’s high |
|
|
|
LDLs (define + function) |
1) mainly lipid 2) transport cholesterol from liver to the blood (through the bloodstream) 3) increases the blood cholesterol lvl when its low
(remains in body & can build up in arteries) |
|
|
|
What fats are good? |
Unsaturated > lower cholesterol lvl |
|
|
|
What are the bad fats? |
Saturated (&trans-fats) > increases the level of cholesterol in blood |
|
|
|
Types of antihypertensives |
ACE inhibitors Beta blockers Calcium channel blockers Diuretics
|
|
|
|
Beta blockers |
- prevent adrenaline acting on the heart - reduces cardiac output - lower BP |
|
|
|
Diuretics |
- ^ urine produced (less salts & fluids) > smaller blood volume > low BP |
|
|
|
ACE inhibitors |
- stops angiotensin 1 converting to angiotensin 2 - angiotensin 2 leads to vasoconstriction - lower Bp |
|
|
|
Calcium channel blockers |
- Prevents calcium from entering muscle cells > prevents contraction (calcium needed for muscle to contract) - low BP & heart rate (As heart contracts less & smooth muscle cells in blood vessels contract less) |
|
|
|
Statins |
- inhibit enzymes involved in LDL cholesterol formation by the liver |
|
|
|
Anticoagulants |
- stops blood clotting by decreasing clotting factors enabling blood clots to form - E.g. Warfarin interferes with the production of vitamin K affecting synthesis of clotting factors
|
|
|
|
Platelet inhibitory drugs |
inactivated platlets by reducing their stickiness/ stops them clumping together (less blood clots form) |
|
|
|
What is the aim of all treatment of CVD? |
To be able to prevent blood clotting or high BP |
|
|
|
Diuretics (symptoms) |
D in DIURETICS for Dizziness & Dehydration 1) Dizziness > low BP 2) Dehydration > less water 3) muscle cramps > deselecting body fluid & sodium > sodium necessary for muscle to function |
|
|
|
ACE inhibitors (symptoms) |
1) dizzy > low BP 2) abnormal heart rhythm > a for ace inhibitors (Abnormal for ACE inhibitor - starts with A) 3) fatigue |
|
|
|
Calcium channel blockers (symptoms) |
1) dizziness > low BP 2) Constipation > Calcium (both have C at start)
|
|
|
|
Beta blockers (symptoms) |
1) dizziness > lower BP 2) fatigue > less adrenaline > less energy |
|
|
|
Anticoagulants (symptoms) |
1) excess bleeding > longer for clot to form 2) severe bruising
|
|
|
|
Platelet inhibitory drugs (symptoms) |
1) excess bleeding > longer time for blood to clot 2) liver damage > same as statins |
|
|
|
Arteries & function of each layer |
1. Smooth endothelial layer > reduces peripheral resistance 2. Elastic fibres > allows vessel to stretch (expands) & recoil (narrows) 3. Smooth muscle > allows muscle to contract (constrict) and relax (dilate) + allows high BP 4. Collagen > strong & durable so it prevents damage
+ small lumen > High BP |
|
|
|
Why do multicellular organisms need a mass transport system |
- bigger organisms have a smaller SA:V ratio > less efficient diffusion - large distances to travel to the cell > slower |
|
|
|
Why do artia have thinner walls than ventricle s |
Ventricle pump blood to the rest of the body (a larger distance) Whilst artia only pump blood to ventricles (a shorter distance) > thicker walls in ventricles as more pressure |
|
|
|
Diastole |
Relaxing |
|
|
|
Statins (symptoms) |
1) liver damage > stops ldl by liver 2) Kidney damage > liver near kidney 3) diabetes > inadvertently increases HDL cholesterol in blood |
|
|
|
Open circulatory system |
- blood not enclosed by vessels > goes into cavities - blood moves due to movement of muscles - small organisms (simple hearts) - rely on diffusion to carry nutrients & excrete waste |
|
|
|
Closed circulatory system |
- blood enclosed in vessels - blood directed > BP high - larger, complex organism - X rely on diffusion > blood forms a major part of the mass transport system |
|
|
|
Veins |
- valves - low BP - wide lumen - blood to the heart |
|
|
|
Arteries (describe) |
- small lumen - carries blood away from the heart - to the rest of the body - high BP |
|
|
|
Mass transport |
Movement of blood due to pressure changes |
|
|
|
What makes water good for transport |
- dipolar > can dissolve ions as one end is relatively +ve whilst the other is relatively -ve - water molecules surround the ion (it dissolves) - hydrogen bonds between water molecules > ions can fit inbetween as these X very strong - cohesive (molecules stick together) |
|
|
|
What is the purpose of the circulatory system in mammals? |
- respiration (glucose + oxygen) - digestive system picks up glucose - respiratory system picks up oxygen |
|
|
|
What is the purpose of the heart in mammals? |
pump blood around body > movement of muscles |
|
|
|
Cardiac diastole |
Av = open Sl = closed |
|
|
|
Atrial systole |
Av = open Sl = closed |
|
|
|
Ventricular systole |
Av = closed Sl = open |
|
|
|
Core practical: Daphnia |
- caffeine of different concentrations e.g. 0.1,0.2,0.3,0.4,0.5 dm cubed - controls: same temperature of solution, same volume of solution, same size daphnia - daphnia left in solution to acclimatise for 5 minutes - count the number of heart beats > bpm - repeat experiment & estimate mean - using Pipette add caffeine to cavity slide & place under microscope |
|
|
|
Atherosclerosis (process) |
1) damage to endothelial lining (through high Bp/ smoking) 2) inflammatory response > white blood cells & lipids (cholesterol) gather 3) A fatty deposit forms (Atheroma) 4) cell debris & calcium ions join creating a plaque 5) arteries narrow (small lumen) 6) +ve feedback |
|
|
|
Disaccharides you should know |
Sucrose = glucose + fructose (1-2 glycosidic bonds) Lactose = glucose + galactose (1-4 glycosidic bonds) Maltose = glucose + glucose (1-4 glycosidic bonds) |
|
|
|
What reaction joins monosaccharides together |
Through a condensation reaction |
|
|
|
Starch |
1) amylose: 1-4 glycosidic bonds; compact, coiled up (storage); insoluble (osmosis X effect it); long, unbranched chains 2) amylopectin: 1-4 & 1-6 glycosidic bonds; long polysaccharide chains; branches (rapid hydrolysis of terminal ends); insoluble (X effected by osmosis) |
|
|
|
Glycogen |
- 1-4 & 1-6 glycosidic bonds - long polysaccharide chains - branches (rapid hydrolysis) - compact & large molecule (storage) - insoluble (X effected by osmosis) |
|
|
|
How are triglycerides synthesised? |
- condensation reaction - ester bond forms when hydroxyl grp (on glycerol) & carboxyl grp (on fatty acid) combine |
|
|
|
Name obesity indicators |
- waist to hip ratio - BMI - exercise (level of activity) |
|
|
|
Why is it more ethical to use invertebrates than vertebrates in research ? |
- vertebrates feel pain invertebrates don’t (as they don’t have the same central nervous system) - vertebrates ^ likely to go extinct whilst invertebrates are replenishable - daphnia are transparent whilst invertebrates aren’t > dont have to cut the organism to see the heart > more ethical |
|
|
|
Why is it unethical to use invertebrates in research ? (Simple) |
- no informed consent - distress (light may cause stress) |
|
|
|
What reaction breaks the bonds of a triglyceride molecule |
Hydrolysis |
|
|
|
Investigate the content of vitamin C in fruit juice |
- different types of fruit juice e.g. orange, grapefruit, cranberry, pineapple, kiwi (at least 5 types of juice) - control variables: volume of DCPIP, concentration of DCPIP, number of times tube is shaken - repeats (3x) & mean - DV: volume of juice needed to de-colourise 1cm cubed of DCPIP - use of burette & conical flask + adding DCPIP drop by drop when near the end point |
|
|
|
What elements are lipids made of? |
Carbon, hydrogen, oxygen |
|
|
|
What is the meaning of being soluble |
Being able to dissolve (especially in water) |
|
|
|
Why is acclimatisation important? (Daphnia) |
So that the caffeine is fully absorbed by the daphnia |
|
|
|
Where do atheromas/ plaques develop |
In the walls of the arteries (Between the endothelial layer and smooth muscle layer) |
|
|
|
How do atheromas increase the risk of thrombosis |
1) atheroma ruptures/ bursts through the endothelium of an artery 2) triggers thrombosis > blood clot forms at site of rupture 3) blocks artery > small lumen 4) reduced blood flow to tissues supplied by artery > less oxygen & glucose > less aerobic respiration > cells die |
|
|
|
Symptoms of a heart attack |
- Pain in chest & upper body - Shortness of breath - Sweating |
|
|
|
Why is a polysaccharide being insoluble advantageous |
Water x enter the cells by osmosis which would make them swell > good for storage (as more can fit into a small space) |
|
|
|
Property of lipids in water |
Fatty acid tails hydrophobic > insoluble in water |
|
|
|
Discuss any ethical issues of using invertebrates (4 marks) |
1) underdeveloped/ less sophisticated NS so x feel pain > no ethical issue 2) unethical to use any living organism in an experimental procedure 3) relativism - acceptable under certain circumstances to use invertebrates > I.e. if of benefit to human health 4) absolutism - use of invertebrates should be under any circumstance/ under no circumstance |
|
