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51 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What type of hydrocarbon are alkanes? |
Alkanes only have single bonds and so are saturated hydrocarbons. |
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Why do alkanes have a tetrahedral shape around each carbon? |
For alkanes each carbon atom is bonded to four other atoms and so each carbon has a tetrahedral shape with a bond angle of 109.5*. |
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What are the first ten names of the alkane homologus series? |
Methane (My), Ethane (Elephant), Propane (Pissed), Butane (Backwards), Pentane (Parce que), Hexane (Horny), Heptane (Harry), Octane (Ovulated), Nonane (Near), Decane (Dan). |
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What are the steps to naming hydrocarbons? |
1. Name the longest chain of unbranched carbon atoms in the structure. 2. Identify any alkyl groups as side chains and add number before name to show its position. 3.If more than one alkyl group, name with groups in alphabetical order. |
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What do you have to do differently when naming alkenes? |
You have to name the position of the C=C double bond. |
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What are the different functional groups? |
Alkane, Alkene, Halogenoalkane, Alcohol, Aldehyde, Ketone, Carboxylic acid. |
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What is the formula for an alkane? |
Alkane formula is C-C. |
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What is the formula for an alkene? |
Alkene formula is C=C. |
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What is the formula for halogenalkanes? |
Halogenoalkane formula is -F, -Cl, -Br, or -I. |
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What is the formula for an alcohol? |
Alcohol formula is -OH. |
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What is the formula for an aldehyde? |
Aldehyde formula is -CHO. The bond between Carbon and Oxygen being a double bond. |
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What is the formula for a ketone? |
Ketone formula is C-CO-C. |
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What is the formula for a carboxylic acid? |
Carboxylic acid formula is -COOH. The bond between the Carbon and Oxygen being a double bond and the Hydrogen being bonded to the other Oxygen. |
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What is the general formula for an alkane? |
The general formula of an alkane is CnH2n+2 |
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What is the general formula for an alkene? |
The general formula of an alkene is CnH2n. |
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What is the general formula for an alcohol? |
The general formula of an alcohol is CnH2n+1OH. |
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What is the displayed formula? |
The displayed formula shows the relative positioning of all the atoms in a molecule and the bonds between them. |
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What is the structural formula? |
The structural formula shows the minimal detail for the arrangement of atoms in a molecule. |
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What is the skeletal formula? |
The skeletal formula is a simplified organic formula, with hydrogen atoms removed from the alkyl chains, leaving just a carbon skeleton and associated functional groups. |
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What are structural isomers? |
Structural isomers are molecules with the same molecular formula, but with different structural arrangement of atoms. |
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What are Stereoisomers? |
Stereoisomers are compounds with the same structural formula, but with a different arrangement of atoms in space. There are two types E (trans) and Z (cis). |
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What is homolytic fission? |
Homolytic fission is the breaking of a covalent bond, with one of the bonded electrons going to each atom, forming two radicals. |
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What is heterolytic fission? |
Heterolytic fission is the breaking of a covalent bond with both of the bonded electrons going to one of the atoms, forming a cation (+ ion) and an anion (- ion). |
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What is a nucleophile? |
A nucleophile is a reactant which attacks an electron-deficient centre or atom and donates an electron pair to form a new covalent bond. |
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What is a electrophile? |
An electrophile is a reactant which attacks an electron-rich centre or atom and accepts an electron pair to form a new covalent bond. |
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What is an addition reaction? |
An addition reaction is a reaction in which a reactant is added to an unsaturated molecule to make a saturated molecule.
2 reactants ---> 1 product |
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What is a substitution reaction? |
A substitution reaction is a reaction in which an atom or group of atoms is replaced with a different atom or group of atoms.
2 reactants ---> 2 products |
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What is an elimination reaction? |
An elimination reaction refers to the removal of a molecule from a saturated molecule to make an unsaturated molecule.
1 reactant ---> 2 products |
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What is crude oil used for? |
Crude oil is used as a source of hydrocarbons as the hydrocarbons derived from crude oil can be used for various things: petroleum gas, gasoline, kerosene, diesel, industrial fuel oil, lubrication oil, paraffin wax and bitumen. |
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How are the hydrocarbons in crude oil separated? |
The hydrocarbons in crude oil are separated through a process known as fractional distillation. |
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What is fractional distillation? |
Fractional distillation is the separation of the components in a liquid mixture into different fractions which differ by boiling point (and hence chemical composition) by means of distillation, typically using a fractionating column. |
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Where do short-chained hydrocarbons with lower boiling points go in the fractionating column? |
Short-chained hydrocarbons with lower boiling points condense near the top of the column. |
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Where do longer-chained hydrocarbons with higher boiling points go in the fractionating column? |
Longer-chained hydrocarbons with higher boiling points condense nearer the bottom of the column. |
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How does chain length effect the boiling points of alkanes? |
As chain length increases, the boiling point increases. This is due to more points of contact being available for Van der Waals' forces. More Van der Waals' forces means more energy in needed to separate the chains. |
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How does branching effect the boiling points of alkanes? |
As branching increases, the boiling point decreases. This is due to less points of contact being available for Van der Waals' forces and so less energy is needed to separate the chains. |
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Describe the complete combustion of alkanes. |
Short-chain alkanes are valuable as clean fuels. They burn in a plentiful supply of oxygen to form carbon dioxide and water. |
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Explain the incomplete combustion of alkanes. |
Incomplete combustion of alkanes is the burning of alkanes in limited supply of oxygen. With limited supply of oxygen, carbon monoxide is formed, which is a poisonous gas. |
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Why is carbon monoxide not a wanted product? |
Carbon monoxide is poisonous. It prevents the haemoglobin in red blood cells from binding with oxygen and the body's tissues become starved for oxygen. |
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What is cracking? |
Cracking refers to the breaking down long-chained saturated hydrocarbons to form a mixture of shorter-chained alkanes and alkenes. |
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What is catalytic cracking? |
Catalytic cracking is the use of a catalyts in the cracking process. |
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Why are short-chain hydrocarbons in high demand? |
Short-chain alkanes are used for fuels and short-chain alkenes are used in polymer production. |
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How are branched alkanes produced? |
Unbranched alkanes are converted into branched alkanes in a process sometimes referred to as isomerisation. |
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How are cyclic hydrocarbons produced? |
Aliphatic hydrocarbons are converted into cyclic or aromatic hydrocarbons in a process sometimes known as reforming. |
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Why are branched and cyclic alkanes important in petrol additives? |
Branched and cyclic alkanes are important in petrol additives because they promote more efficient combustion than straight-chain alkanes. |
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What atmospheric pollutants are released in the burning of hydrocarbons? |
Burning hydrocarbons leads into an increase in atmospheric pollutants, such as: Carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide, nitrogen oxides, and sulfur dioxides.
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What is biofuel? |
Biofuel is a fuel that is derived from recently living material such as plants, or from animal waste. |
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What is global warming? |
Global warming refers to an increase in the Earth's average temeperature. There is growing evidence that this could be related to human activities such as burning coal, oil, and natural gas. |
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Alkanes react with halogens when? |
Alkanes react with halogens in the presence of ultraviolet radiation or at temperature of about 300*c. |
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What type of reaction is the halogenation of alkanes and why? |
The halogenation of alkanes is radical substitution. The covalent bonds are broken by homolytic fission to form radicals with an unpaired electron. A hydrogen atom in alkane is substituted by a halogen atom. |
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How does homolytic fission lead to the mechanism of radical substitution in alkanes? |
There are 3 steps to the radical substitution: Initiation, Propagation, and termination. |
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What is initiation? Use Chlorination for the mechanism. |
Initiation is the first step in a radical substitution in which the free radicals are generated by ultraviolet radiation. |
