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164 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Activation Energy |
The minimum amount if energy that a particle needs in order to react. |
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Aldehyde |
An organic compound with the general formula RCHO in which there is a C=O double bond. |
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Alkaline Earth Metals |
The metals in group 2 of the periodic table. |
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Alkane |
A hydrocarbon with C-C and C-H single bonds only, with the general formula CnH2n+2 |
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Allotropes |
Pure elements which can exist in different physical forms in which their atoms are arranged differently. |
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Anaerobic Respiration |
The process by which energy is released and new compounds formed in living things in the absence of Oxygen. |
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Atom Economy |
The efficiency of a chemical reaction by comparing the total number of atoms in the products with the total number of atoms in the reactants. |
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Atomic Orbital |
A region of space around an atomic nucleus where there is a high probability of finding an electron. |
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Avogadro's Constant |
The total number of particles in a mole of substance. 6.023x10^23 |
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Calorimeter |
An instrument for measuring the heat changes that accompany chemical reactions. |
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Catalyst |
A substance that alters the rate of a chemical reaction but is not used up in the reaction. |
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Catalytic Cracking |
The breaking, with the aid of a catalyst, of long chain alkane molecules into shorted cain hydrocarbons, some of which are alkanes. |
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Carbocation |
An organic ion in which one of the carbon atoms has a positive charge. |
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Carbon-Neutral |
A process, or series of processes, in which as much carbon dioxide is is absorbed from the air, is given out. |
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Chemical Feedstock |
The starting materials in an industrial chemical process. |
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Co-ordinate Bonding |
Covalent bonding in which both thee electrons in the bond come from one of the atoms in the bond. (also called Dative Covalent Bonding) |
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Covalent Bonding |
A chemical bond in which electrons are shared between two non metals. |
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Cracking |
The breaking of long chain molecules into shorter chain hydrocarbons, some of which are alkenes. |
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Dative Covalent Bonding |
Covalent bonding in which both the electrons in the bond come from one of the atoms in the bond. (also called Co-ordinate Bonding) |
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Delocalised |
Describes electrons that are spread over several atoms and help to bond them together. |
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Dipole - Dipole forces |
An intermolecular force that results from the attraction between molecules with permanent dipoles. |
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Displacement Reactions |
A chemical reaction in which one atom or group of atoms replaces another in a compound. e.g.. |
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Displayed Formula |
The formula of a compound drawn out so that each atom and each bond is shown. |
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Disproportionation |
Describes a redox reaction in which the Oxidation number of some atoms of a particular element increases and that of other atoms of the same element decreases. |
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Dynamic Equilibrium |
A situation in which the composition of a reaction mixture does not change because both forward and backward reactions are proceeding at the same rate. |
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Electron Density |
The probability of an electron being found in a particular volume of space. |
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Electron Pair Repulsion Theory |
A theory which explains the shapes of simple molecules by assuming that pairs of electrons around a central atom repel each other and thus take up positions as far away from each other in space. |
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Electronegativity |
The power of an atom to attract the electrons in a covalent bond. |
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Electrophile |
An electron-deficient atom, ion or molecule that takes part in an organic reaction by attacking areas of high electron density in another reactant. |
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Electrophillic Addition |
A reaction in which a C=C bond is saturated and in which the initial reaction is an attack by an electrophile. |
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Electrostatic Forces |
The forces of attraction and repulsion between electrically charged particles. |
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Elimination |
A reaction in which an atom or group of atoms is removed from a reactant. |
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Empirical Formula |
The simplest integer ratio in a formula. |
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Endothermic |
Describes a reaction in which heat is taken in as the reactants turn to products, the temperature thus drops. |
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Enthalpy Change |
A measure of heat energy given out or taken in when a chemical or physical change occurs at a constant pressure. |
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Enthalpy Diagrams |
Diagrams in which the enthalpies of the reactants and products of a chemical reaction are plotted on a vertical scale to show their relative levels. |
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Equilibrium Mixture |
The mixture of reactants and products formed when a reversible reaction is allowed to proceed in a closed container until no further change occurs. The forward and backward reactions are still proceeding, but at the same rate. |
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Equilibrium Mixture |
The mixture of reactants and products formed when a reversible reaction is allowed to proceed in a closed container until no further change occurs. The forward and backward reactions are still proceeding, but at the same rate. |
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Homologous Series |
A set if organic compounds with the same functional group. The compounds differ in the length of their hydrocarbon chains. |
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Hydrogen Bonding |
A type of intermolecular force I which a hydrogen atom covalently bonded to an electronegative atom (N, O or F) interacts with another electronegative atom. |
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Exothermic |
Describes a reaction in which heat is given out as the reactants change to products, the temperature thus rises. |
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Fingerprint Recognition |
The area of an infra-red spectrum below about 1500cm. It is caused by complex vibrations of the whole molecule and is characteristic of a particular molecule. |
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Fraction |
A mixture of hydrocarbons collected over a particular range of boiling points during the fractional distillation if crude oil. |
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Free Radical |
A chemical species with and unpaired electron - usually highly reactive. |
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Functional Group |
An atom or group of atoms in an organic molecule which is responsible for the characteristic reactions of that molecule. |
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Group |
A vertical column of elements in the periodic table. The elements have similar properties because they have the same outer electron arrangement. |
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Half Equation |
An equation for a redox reaction which considers just on of the species involved and shows explicitly the electrons transferred to or from it. |
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Heterogeneous Catalyst |
A catalyst which is in a different phase from the reactants. |
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Homogenous Catalyst |
A catalyst which is in the same phase as the reactants. |
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Equilibrium Mixture |
The mixture of reactants and products formed when a reversible reaction is allowed to proceed in a closed container until no further change occurs. The forward and backward reactions are still proceeding, but at the same rate. |
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Homologous Series |
A set if organic compounds with the same functional group. The compounds differ in the length of their hydrocarbon chains. |
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Hydrogen Bonding |
A type of intermolecular force I which a hydrogen atom covalently bonded to an electronegative atom (N, O or F) interacts with another electronegative atom. |
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Incomplete Combustion |
A combustion reaction in which there is insufficient oxygen for all the carbon in the fuel to burn to carbon dioxide. Carbon monoxide (soot) is formed. |
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Exothermic |
Describes a reaction in which heat is given out as the reactants change to products, the temperature thus rises. |
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Fingerprint Recognition |
The area of an infra-red spectrum below about 1500cm. It is caused by complex vibrations of the whole molecule and is characteristic of a particular molecule. |
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Fraction |
A mixture of hydrocarbons collected over a particular range of boiling points during the fractional distillation if crude oil. |
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Free Radical |
A chemical species with and unpaired electron - usually highly reactive. |
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Functional Group |
An atom or group of atoms in an organic molecule which is responsible for the characteristic reactions of that molecule. |
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Group |
A vertical column of elements in the periodic table. The elements have similar properties because they have the same outer electron arrangement. |
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Half Equation |
An equation for a redox reaction which considers just on of the species involved and shows explicitly the electrons transferred to or from it. |
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Heterogeneous Catalyst |
A catalyst which is in a different phase from the reactants. |
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Homogenous Catalyst |
A catalyst which is in the same phase as the reactants. |
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Equilibrium Mixture |
The mixture of reactants and products formed when a reversible reaction is allowed to proceed in a closed container until no further change occurs. The forward and backward reactions are still proceeding, but at the same rate. |
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Homologous Series |
A set if organic compounds with the same functional group. The compounds differ in the length of their hydrocarbon chains. |
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Hydrogen Bonding |
A type of intermolecular force I which a hydrogen atom covalently bonded to an electronegative atom (N, O or F) interacts with another electronegative atom. |
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Incomplete Combustion |
A combustion reaction in which there is insufficient oxygen for all the carbon in the fuel to burn to carbon dioxide. Carbon monoxide (soot) is formed. |
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Ionic Bonding |
Describes a chemical bond in which an electron or electrons are transferred from one atom to another, resulting in the formation if of oppositely charged ions with electrostatic forces of attraction between them. |
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Ionisation Energy |
The energy required to remove one mole of electrons from a mole of isolated gaseous atoms or ions. |
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Isomer |
One of two (or more) compounds with the same molecular formula but different structural formula, ie the same atoms are arranged differently in space. |
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Ketone |
An organic compound with the general formula R2CO in which there is a C=O bond. |
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Lattice |
A regular three dimensional arrangement of atoms, ions or molecules. |
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Exothermic |
Describes a reaction in which heat is given out as the reactants change to products, the temperature thus rises. |
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Fingerprint Recognition |
The area of an infra-red spectrum below about 1500cm. It is caused by complex vibrations of the whole molecule and is characteristic of a particular molecule. |
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Fraction |
A mixture of hydrocarbons collected over a particular range of boiling points during the fractional distillation if crude oil. |
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Free Radical |
A chemical species with and unpaired electron - usually highly reactive. |
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Functional Group |
An atom or group of atoms in an organic molecule which is responsible for the characteristic reactions of that molecule. |
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Group |
A vertical column of elements in the periodic table. The elements have similar properties because they have the same outer electron arrangement. |
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Half Equation |
An equation for a redox reaction which considers just on of the species involved and shows explicitly the electrons transferred to or from it. |
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Heterogeneous Catalyst |
A catalyst which is in a different phase from the reactants. |
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Homogenous Catalyst |
A catalyst which is in the same phase as the reactants. |
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Equilibrium Mixture |
The mixture of reactants and products formed when a reversible reaction is allowed to proceed in a closed container until no further change occurs. The forward and backward reactions are still proceeding, but at the same rate. |
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Homologous Series |
A set if organic compounds with the same functional group. The compounds differ in the length of their hydrocarbon chains. |
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Hydrogen Bonding |
A type of intermolecular force I which a hydrogen atom covalently bonded to an electronegative atom (N, O or F) interacts with another electronegative atom. |
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Incomplete Combustion |
A combustion reaction in which there is insufficient oxygen for all the carbon in the fuel to burn to carbon dioxide. Carbon monoxide (soot) is formed. |
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Ionic Bonding |
Describes a chemical bond in which an electron or electrons are transferred from one atom to another, resulting in the formation if of oppositely charged ions with electrostatic forces of attraction between them. |
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Ionisation Energy |
The energy required to remove one mole of electrons from a mole of isolated gaseous atoms or ions. |
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Isomer |
One of two (or more) compounds with the same molecular formula but different structural formula, ie the same atoms are arranged differently in space. |
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Ketone |
An organic compound with the general formula R2CO in which there is a C=O bond. |
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Lattice |
A regular three dimensional arrangement of atoms, ions or molecules. |
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Leaving Group |
In an organic substitution reaction, the leaving group is an atom or group of atoms that is ejected from the starting material, normally taking with it an electron pair and forming a negative ion. |
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Lone Pair |
A pair of electrons in the outer shell of an atom that is not involved in binding. Also called an unshared pair. |
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Exothermic |
Describes a reaction in which heat is given out as the reactants change to products, the temperature thus rises. |
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Maxwell-Boltzmann Distribution |
The distribution of energies (and therefore speeds) of the molecules in a gas or liquid. |
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Mean Bond Enthalpy |
The energy (enthalpy) that must be out in to break a particular bond, eg. O-H. It is the average for the bond in question taken over a range if compounds containing that bond. |
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Metallic Bond |
Describes a chemical bond in which outer electrons are spread over a lattice of metal ions in a delocalised system. |
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Mole |
A quantity of a substance that contains the Avogadro Number of particles. (6.023x10^23) |
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Molecular Formula |
A formula that tells us the numbers if atoms of each different element that make up a molecule of a compound. |
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Molecular Ion |
In mass spectrometry this is a molecule of the sample which has been ionised but which has not broken up during its flight through the instrument. |
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Monomer |
A small molecule that combines with many other monomers to form a polymer. |
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Nucleons |
Protons and neutrons- the sub atomic particles found in the nuclei of atoms. |
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Fingerprint Recognition |
The area of an infra-red spectrum below about 1500cm. It is caused by complex vibrations of the whole molecule and is characteristic of a particular molecule. |
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Fraction |
A mixture of hydrocarbons collected over a particular range of boiling points during the fractional distillation if crude oil. |
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Free Radical |
A chemical species with and unpaired electron - usually highly reactive. |
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Functional Group |
An atom or group of atoms in an organic molecule which is responsible for the characteristic reactions of that molecule. |
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Group |
A vertical column of elements in the periodic table. The elements have similar properties because they have the same outer electron arrangement. |
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Half Equation |
An equation for a redox reaction which considers just on of the species involved and shows explicitly the electrons transferred to or from it. |
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Heterogeneous Catalyst |
A catalyst which is in a different phase from the reactants. |
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Homogenous Catalyst |
A catalyst which is in the same phase as the reactants. |
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Equilibrium Mixture |
The mixture of reactants and products formed when a reversible reaction is allowed to proceed in a closed container until no further change occurs. The forward and backward reactions are still proceeding, but at the same rate. |
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Homologous Series |
A set if organic compounds with the same functional group. The compounds differ in the length of their hydrocarbon chains. |
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Hydrogen Bonding |
A type of intermolecular force I which a hydrogen atom covalently bonded to an electronegative atom (N, O or F) interacts with another electronegative atom. |
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Incomplete Combustion |
A combustion reaction in which there is insufficient oxygen for all the carbon in the fuel to burn to carbon dioxide. Carbon monoxide (soot) is formed. |
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Ionic Bonding |
Describes a chemical bond in which an electron or electrons are transferred from one atom to another, resulting in the formation if of oppositely charged ions with electrostatic forces of attraction between them. |
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Ionisation Energy |
The energy required to remove one mole of electrons from a mole of isolated gaseous atoms or ions. |
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Isomer |
One of two (or more) compounds with the same molecular formula but different structural formula, ie the same atoms are arranged differently in space. |
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Ketone |
An organic compound with the general formula R2CO in which there is a C=O bond. |
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Lattice |
A regular three dimensional arrangement of atoms, ions or molecules. |
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Leaving Group |
In an organic substitution reaction, the leaving group is an atom or group of atoms that is ejected from the starting material, normally taking with it an electron pair and forming a negative ion. |
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Lone Pair |
A pair of electrons in the outer shell of an atom that is not involved in binding. Also called an unshared pair. |
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Exothermic |
Describes a reaction in which heat is given out as the reactants change to products, the temperature thus rises. |
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Maxwell-Boltzmann Distribution |
The distribution of energies (and therefore speeds) of the molecules in a gas or liquid. |
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Mean Bond Enthalpy |
The energy (enthalpy) that must be out in to break a particular bond, eg. O-H. It is the average for the bond in question taken over a range if compounds containing that bond. |
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Metallic Bond |
Describes a chemical bond in which outer electrons are spread over a lattice of metal ions in a delocalised system. |
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Mole |
A quantity of a substance that contains the Avogadro Number of particles. (6.023x10^23) |
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Molecular Formula |
A formula that tells us the numbers if atoms of each different element that make up a molecule of a compound. |
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Molecular Ion |
In mass spectrometry this is a molecule of the sample which has been ionised but which has not broken up during its flight through the instrument. |
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Monomer |
A small molecule that combines with many other monomers to form a polymer. |
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Nucleons |
Protons and neutrons- the sub atomic particles found in the nuclei of atoms. |
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Fingerprint Recognition |
The area of an infra-red spectrum below about 1500cm. It is caused by complex vibrations of the whole molecule and is characteristic of a particular molecule. |
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Fraction |
A mixture of hydrocarbons collected over a particular range of boiling points during the fractional distillation if crude oil. |
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Free Radical |
A chemical species with and unpaired electron - usually highly reactive. |
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Functional Group |
An atom or group of atoms in an organic molecule which is responsible for the characteristic reactions of that molecule. |
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Group |
A vertical column of elements in the periodic table. The elements have similar properties because they have the same outer electron arrangement. |
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Half Equation |
An equation for a redox reaction which considers just on of the species involved and shows explicitly the electrons transferred to or from it. |
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Heterogeneous Catalyst |
A catalyst which is in a different phase from the reactants. |
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Homogenous Catalyst |
A catalyst which is in the same phase as the reactants. |
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Equilibrium Mixture |
The mixture of reactants and products formed when a reversible reaction is allowed to proceed in a closed container until no further change occurs. The forward and backward reactions are still proceeding, but at the same rate. |
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Homologous Series |
A set if organic compounds with the same functional group. The compounds differ in the length of their hydrocarbon chains. |
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Hydrogen Bonding |
A type of intermolecular force I which a hydrogen atom covalently bonded to an electronegative atom (N, O or F) interacts with another electronegative atom. |
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Incomplete Combustion |
A combustion reaction in which there is insufficient oxygen for all the carbon in the fuel to burn to carbon dioxide. Carbon monoxide (soot) is formed. |
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Ionic Bonding |
Describes a chemical bond in which an electron or electrons are transferred from one atom to another, resulting in the formation if of oppositely charged ions with electrostatic forces of attraction between them. |
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Ionisation Energy |
The energy required to remove one mole of electrons from a mole of isolated gaseous atoms or ions. |
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Isomer |
One of two (or more) compounds with the same molecular formula but different structural formula, ie the same atoms are arranged differently in space. |
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Ketone |
An organic compound with the general formula R2CO in which there is a C=O bond. |
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Lattice |
A regular three dimensional arrangement of atoms, ions or molecules. |
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Leaving Group |
In an organic substitution reaction, the leaving group is an atom or group of atoms that is ejected from the starting material, normally taking with it an electron pair and forming a negative ion. |
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Lone Pair |
A pair of electrons in the outer shell of an atom that is not involved in binding. Also called an unshared pair. |
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Exothermic |
Describes a reaction in which heat is given out as the reactants change to products, the temperature thus rises. |
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Maxwell-Boltzmann Distribution |
The distribution of energies (and therefore speeds) of the molecules in a gas or liquid. |
|
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Mean Bond Enthalpy |
The energy (enthalpy) that must be out in to break a particular bond, eg. O-H. It is the average for the bond in question taken over a range if compounds containing that bond. |
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Metallic Bond |
Describes a chemical bond in which outer electrons are spread over a lattice of metal ions in a delocalised system. |
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Mole |
A quantity of a substance that contains the Avogadro Number of particles. (6.023x10^23) |
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Molecular Formula |
A formula that tells us the numbers if atoms of each different element that make up a molecule of a compound. |
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Molecular Ion |
In mass spectrometry this is a molecule of the sample which has been ionised but which has not broken up during its flight through the instrument. |
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Monomer |
A small molecule that combines with many other monomers to form a polymer. |
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Nucleons |
Protons and neutrons- the sub atomic particles found in the nuclei of atoms. |
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Fingerprint Recognition |
The area of an infra-red spectrum below about 1500cm. It is caused by complex vibrations of the whole molecule and is characteristic of a particular molecule. |
|
|
Fraction |
A mixture of hydrocarbons collected over a particular range of boiling points during the fractional distillation if crude oil. |
|
|
Free Radical |
A chemical species with and unpaired electron - usually highly reactive. |
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Functional Group |
An atom or group of atoms in an organic molecule which is responsible for the characteristic reactions of that molecule. |
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Group |
A vertical column of elements in the periodic table. The elements have similar properties because they have the same outer electron arrangement. |
|
|
Half Equation |
An equation for a redox reaction which considers just on of the species involved and shows explicitly the electrons transferred to or from it. |
|
|
Heterogeneous Catalyst |
A catalyst which is in a different phase from the reactants. |
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Homogenous Catalyst |
A catalyst which is in the same phase as the reactants. |
