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35 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Active Transport
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The pumping of substances across cell membranes. From a low concentration to a high concentration. This uses energy from respiration and ATP.
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Osmosis
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The net movement of water molecules frokm a solution with a lower concentration of solute (high conc. of water) to a solution with a higher concentration of solute (low conc. of water) across a partially permeable membrane.
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Exocytosis
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The release of substances (usually proteins or polysaccharides) from the cell as vesicles (small membrane-bound sacs) which fuse with the cell surface membrane, releasing their contents.
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Endocytosis
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The absorption of substances (usually proteins or polysaccharides) into a cell by the creation of a vesicle. Part of the cell membrane engulfs the substance to be transported.
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Diffusion across membranes
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The net movement of molecules or ions from a region where they are at a higher concentration to a region of their lower concentration, until equilibrium is reached.
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Facilitated Diffusion across membranes
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Channel proteins are used to aid large hydrophilic molecules and ions that cannot diffuse ordinarily. Each channel protein has a specific shape to allow only one type of molecule or ion.
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Hydrophilic
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Water-attracting
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Hydrophobic
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Water-repelling
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Peripheral Proteins
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Proteins that are loosely attached on the outside of a membrane
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Integral Proteins
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Proteins that are fully embedded inside a membrane phospholipid bilayer.
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Glycoproteins
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A molecule consisting of a protein and a carbohydrate chain. It is used for cell recognition, to make cells form together to form tissues.
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Receptor Proteins
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Allow the cell to react to other cells and hormones
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Primary structure of a protein
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A chain of amino acids joined by peptide bonds - Polypeptides
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Secondary structure of a protein
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The polypeptide chain starts to curl up due to interactions between the different side groups of the amino acids. Contains alpha-helix (coil) and beta-pleated sheets (zig-zags). Both are held together with hydrogen bonds.
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Tertiary structure of a protein
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The three-dimensional shape caused after all sections of the polypeptide chain have curled or twisted.
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Peptide bond
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The bond between two amino acids
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Ester bond
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The bond between the glycerol and the fatty acid tail in a phospholipid. (Phosphoester bond between phosphate group and glycerol)
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Glycosidic bond
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The bond between the monosaccharides to form carbohydrates
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How to calculate the actual width of a magnified object
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actual measurement= measured size / magnification
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Validity
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When something supports the idea, it is said to be valid
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Reliability
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When results from a repeated experiment are similar they are said to be reliable
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Precision
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When a repeated experiment gives a similar result every time
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Accuracy
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How close to the true value a reading/measurement is.
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Dependent Variable
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The variable that relies on the result of the experiment
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Independent Variable
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The fixed variable that the experimenter may have cintrol over
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Gene
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A section of DNA that codes for a polypeptide
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Allele
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A different form of the same gene
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Homologous
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The chromosomes in each of pair of the 23 pairs in each cell.
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Homozygous
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Identical alleles (HH)
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Heterozygous
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Two different alleles (Hh)
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Carrier
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Someone with both a mutated gene and a normal gene, but the mutated gene is recessive.
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Genotype
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The two alleles that a person has (HH, Hh or hh)
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Phenotype
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The appearance of a characteristic in an organism (cystic fibrosis/ not cystic fibrosis)
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Recessive
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The allele that only affects the phenotype of the other homozygote. Written as a lower case letter.
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Dominant
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The allele that affects the phenotypes of one of the homozygotes and the heterozygote. Written as a capital letter
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