Arth Final Exam

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GERMAN EXPRESSIONISM

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(1908-1919)

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Friedrich Nietzsche

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German philosopher, cultural critic, poet, and latin and greek scholar. Wrote The Joyous Science, which touches on subjects of power in society and the idea of eternal recurrence. Ubermensch (Beyond man, the ideal man) and amor fati (love of faith).

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The Bridge

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A group of G. Expressionists who gathered in Dresden in 1905 under the leadership of Ernst Ludwig Kirchner. Protested hypocrisy and materialistic corruption of power.

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The Blue Rider

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G. Expressionist group formed in Munich in 1911 by Vassily Kandinsky and Franz Marc. Named because of their mutual interest in the color blue and horses.

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Synaesthesia

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The ability to hear color or see color in everything

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Theosophy

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a religious and philosophical belief system incorporating a wide range of tenants (Helena Blavatsky, Vassily Kandinsky)

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Primitivism

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The incorporation in the early 20th century Western art of stylistic elements from the artifacts of Africa, Oceania, and the native peoples of Americas. (Matisse and Pablo Picasso)

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Viennese Secession

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a.k.a. The Union of Austrian Artists. Formed in 1897 by a group of Austrian artists who had resigned from the Association of Austrian artists, housed in the Vienna Kunstlerhaus (Egon Schiele).

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Ernst Ludwig Kirchner (1880 - 1938)

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Founded Die Brucke. Had a special admiration for medieval art. Focused much of his attention on the detrimental effects of industrialization such as alienation in individual cities.

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Vassily Kandinsky (1866 - 1944)

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Co-founder of The Blue Rider. Spontaneous and aggressive style. One of the first artists to explore complete abstraction. Theosophy + Occult + advances in the sciences + Music

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Franz Marc (1880 - 1916)

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Co-founder of The Blue Rider. Hated humans, preferred animals. To imbue greater emotional intensity, Marc composed a color system

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Kathe Kollwitz (1867 - 1945)

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Expressed pity for the poor. Studied at Union of Berlin Women Artists w/ Paula Modersohn-Becker. Worked with printmaking techniques: woodcut, lithography, etching.

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Paula Modersohn-Becker (1876 - 1945)

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Another important leading expressionist painter. Studied in Berlin w/ Kollwitz. Recognized as one of the first female painters to paint female nudes.

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Egon Schiele (1890 - 1918) (Austrian)

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Made 3,000 paintings, mostly nudes, and about 100 self-portraits. Worked under Gustav Klimt, inspired by the emotional content of Vincent Van Gogh and Edvard Munch. Like to paint emaciated bodies and tormented psyches.

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CUBISM

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(1908 - 1912)

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Analytic Cubism

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The first phase of Cubism, developed jointly by Picasso and Braque, in which the artists analyzed form from every possible vantage point to combine the various views into one pictorial whole. (Georges Braque, The Portuguese, 1911)

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Synthetic Cubism

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A later phase of Cubism, in which paintings and drawings were constructed from objects and shapes cut from paper or other materials to represent parts of a subject, in order to engage the viewer with pictorial issues, such as figuration, realism, and abstraction. (Pablo Picasso, Still Life with Chair-Caning, 1912)

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Collage

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A composition made by combining on a flat surface various materials, such as newspaper, wallpaper, printed text and illustrations, photographs, and cloth.

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Primitivism

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The incorporation in the early 20th century Western art of stylistic elements from the artifacts of Africa, Oceania, and the native peoples of Americas. Matisse and Pablo Picasso.

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Paul Cezanne (1839 - 1906)

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Impressionist painter, felt that mastery of color could solidify a subject and make it durable. By juxtaposing colors he was able to achieve the illusion of objects receding and coming forth. Studied line, plane, and color and their interrelationships.

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Pablo Picasso (1881 - 1973)

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From Spain. Mastered realist technique by the time he entered the Barcelona Academy of Fine Arts. Settled in Paris 1904. Was friends with Gertrude Stein, American-born art collector and writer.

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Georges Braque (1882 - 1963)

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Originally a Fauve painter. Founded Cubism alongside Picasso. Matisse originally commented on Braque’s work as having been painted “with little cubes.”

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Marcel Duchamp (1887 - 1968)

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Dada artist. Creator of the “readymade” sculpture.

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FUTURISM

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(1908 - 1914)

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Force Lines

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Method is used in Solid Mechanics for visualization of internal forces in a deformed body. A force line represents graphically the internal force acting within a body across imaginary internal surfaces. The force lines show the maximal internal forces and their directions. (Giacomo Balla, Dynamism of a Dog on a Leash, 1912.)

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Futurist Manifesto

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initiated an artistic philosophy, Futurism, that was a rejection of the past, and a celebration of speed, machinery, violence, youth and industry

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F. T. Marinetti (1876 - 1944)

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Italian poet and playwright, wrote the Futurist Manifesto and published it in 1910. Speed and movement got him off.

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Umberto Boccioni (1882 - 1916)

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Co signed the Futurist Manifesto.

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Giacomo Balla (1871 - 1958)

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Achieved the effect if motion by repeating shapes. Simultaneity of views, as in Cubism, was central to the Futurist method.

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DADAISM

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(1916 - 1924)

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Zurich

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Zurich, Switzerland, was a city in which many artists among other refugees fled during the turmoil of war.

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Cabaret Voltaire

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Night club founded by Hugo Ball in Zurich, a place where the Dadaists liked to meet up.

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Hugo Ball

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German author, poet, and pioneer of sound poetry.

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Treaty of Versailles

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One of the peace treaties at the end of WWI, signed in 1919. Required Germany to take responsibility for the war, pay war reparations through 1986, and demilitarize. Did not leave the country in a very good state, in fact, the economy and social ordered crumbled under the treaties’ requirements.

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First International Dada Fair

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Held in Berlin in 1920.

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Readymade

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Mass produced common objects utilized as art, “found objects”.

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Sound Art

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An artistic discipline in which sound is utilized as a medium. It is interdisciplinary in nature/takes on hybrid forms. (Hugo Ball’s Karawane)

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Hannah Hoech (1889 - 1978)

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Berlin dadaist who preferred the photomontage technique. Designer and writer of several women’s magazines. Photomontages presented viewers with chaotic, contradictory and satiric compositions.

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Jean (Hans) Arp (1887 - 19666)

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Pioneered the use of chance in composing his images. Ripped up sheets of paper and dropped them onto a sheet of paper on the floor, glued them in the way they fell and called it art

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Otto Dix (1891 - 1959)

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Served as machine gunner and an aerial observer. Wanted to “experience the depths of life” an idea stemmed from the philosophy of Friedrich Nietzsche. As the war progressed however, Dix realized war was not so great, and produced haunting images to bare the realities of wartime.

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George Grosz (1893 - 1958)

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Associated with the Dada group in Berlin. Angry and frustrated about WWI. Many works are a stinging indictment of the militarism and capitalism he believed were the root causes of the global conflict.

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Man Ray (1890 - 1976)

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Graphic designer and portrait photographer. Close associate of Marcel Duchamp. Produced rayographs which are photographs produced without a camera by placing objects on photographic paper and then exposing the paper to light.

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Marcel Duchamp (1887 - 1968)

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Frenchman of New York. Exhibited his first “Readymade” sculptures in 1913.

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The Bauhaus

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(1919 - 1933)

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Johannes Itten (1888 - 1967)

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Swiss expressionist painter, designer, teacher, writer and theorist associated with The Bauhaus school. Created a “color sphere” and even published a book called The Art of Color. Deep into mysticism and the occult.

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Walter Gropius ( 1883 - 1969)

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Became director of the Weimar School of Arts and Crafts in Germany, founded in 1906. Under Gropius, the school assumed a new name- the State School of Building, or The Bauhaus. Regarded as one of the pioneering masters of modern architecture.

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Marcel Breuer (1902 - 1981)

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Hungarian born modernist, architect and furniture designer. Studied at The Bauhaus.

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AMERICAN ART BETWEEN THE WARS

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(1919 - 1939)

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The Armory Show

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International exhibition of modern art at the 69th Regiment Armory in NYC. Featured Duchamp, Matisse, Braque, Picasso, Derain, Kandinsky, Kirchner, ect.

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Gallery 291

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Gallery in Manhattan established by Alfred Stieglitz, a photographer of the “straight and unmanipulated”, which exhibited the latest in both European and American art.

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Precisionism

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A distinctly American art movement fascinated with machine’s “precision” and it’s importance in modern life. Not organized. (O’Keefe, Demuth)

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American Regionalism

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Midwest movement: rejected avant-garde and focused on American subject - rural life as America’s backbone. (Benton, Woods)

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Farm Security Administration

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aka the Resettlement Administration, oversaw the emergency aid programs for farm families struggling during the Great Depression. Hired Dorothea Lange to take pictures of the families in need.

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Georgia O’Keeffe (1887 - 1986)

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Wisconsin-born precisionist. Stieglitz was her major promoter and eventually her husband.

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Charles Demuth (1883 - 1965)

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Favored American subjects, especially industrial landscapes.

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Edward Hopper (1882 - 1967)

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Trained as a commercial artist, concentrated on scenes of contemporary American city and country life.

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Grant Wood (1891 - 1942)

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Announced a new movement happening in the midwest, Regionalism, at a 1931 art conference. Published an essay called “Revolt against the City” that underscored their focus on American subjects.

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Thomas Hart Benton (1889 - 1975)

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Regionalist who focused on scenes from his native Missouri.

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Dorothea Lange (1895 - 1965)

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Photographer hired by the RA to document deplorable living conditions of the rural poor.

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Frida Kahlo (1907 - 1954)

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From a mixed heritage: Mexican mother and German father. Used details of her life as powerful symbols for the psychological pain of human existence. Suffered a trolly accident at a young age which affected her life in it’s entirety.

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SURREALISM

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(1924 - 1945)

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Automatism

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The creation of art without conscious control, creating made-up subjects.

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Biomorphic Abstraction

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Producing largely abstract compositions, although the imagery sometimes suggests organisms or natural forms.

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Dream Theory

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A primary assumption of Freudian theory that the unconscious mind governs behavior to a greater degree than people suspect.

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Free Association

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the mental process by which one word or image may spontaneously suggest another without any apparent connection.

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Andre Breton

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Leading surrealist thinker, writer, poet, anarchist and anti-fascist. Wrote the first Surrealist Manifesto of 1924, in which he defined surrealism as “pure psychic automatism”.

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Jacques Lacan

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Psychoanalyst and psychiatrist influenced by Sigmund Freud. Developed the theory of a “Mirror Phase”, a phase which every human goes through and learns self-identity.

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Rene Magritte (1898 - 1967)

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Belgian painter influenced by Giorgio de Chirico. Published an important essay in the surrealist journal called La revolution surrealiste, in which he discussed the distinction between objects, pictures of objects, and names of objects and pictures.

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Salvador Dali (1904 - 1989)

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Studied the writings of Richard von Krafft Ebing and Sigmund Freud, and inventing what he called the “paranoiac-critical method” to assist his creative process. Basically wanted to make the impossible look real.

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Meret Oppenheim (1913 - 1985)

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Swiss artist.

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Joan Miro (1893 - 1983)

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Used automatism and various types of planned “accidents” to provoke reactions closely related to subconscious experience. Didn’t associate himself with any group, but Breton declared him “the most surrealist of us all.” Works contain elements of fantasy and hallucination.

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IONISM AND COLORFIELD PAINTING

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(1945 - 1965)

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Karl Jung

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Psychiatrist who influenced Jackson Pollock’s improvisation with his theory of the collective unconscious.

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Existentialism

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a philosophical theory or approach that emphasizes the existence of the individual person as a free and responsible agent determining their own development through acts of the will.

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Hans Hofmann

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German-born American abstract expressionist painter who influenced Lee Krasner, Pollock’s wife.

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Harold Rosenberg

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American writer, educator, philosopher and art critic. Coined the term Action painting in 1952.

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Action Painting

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a technique and style of abstract painting in which paint is randomly splashed, thrown, or poured on the canvas.

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Clement Greenberg

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Highly influential American art critic who redefined the parameters of modernism by advocating the rejection of illusionism and the exploration of properties of each artistic medium. Promoted the idea of purity

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Josef Albers

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German-born American artist who formed the basis of some of the most influential and far-reaching art education programs for the twentieth century.

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The Art Student’s League (NY)

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Founded in 1875, the League's creation came about in response to both an anticipated gap in the program of the National Academy of Design's program of classes for that year, and longer-term desires for more variety and flexibility in education for artists.

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Colorfield Painting

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a style of American abstract painting that features large expanses of unmodulated color covering the greater part of the canvas. (Newman and Rothko)

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Stain Painting

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the technique of pouring diluted paint onto an unprimed canvas, then tilting the canvas so the paint runs down or “stains” the canvas.

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Jackson Pollock (1912 - 1956) “Jack the Dripper”

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Gestural abstractionist. Drips, splatters, and dribbles of paint. Works are spontaneous yet choreographed. Married Lee Krasner.

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Willem De Kooning (1904 - 1997)

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Gestural abstraction style influenced by Pollock.

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Mark Rothko (1903 - 1970)

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Russian-born American abstract expressionist. Early paintings were figural, but he soon came to believe that references to anything specific in the physical world conflicted with the sublime idea of the universal, supernatural “spirit of myth”, which he saw as the core of meaning in art.

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Helen Frankenthaler (b.1928)

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Color-field painter who poured diluted paint onto unprimed canvas and allowed the pigments to soak in.

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POP ART

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(1955 - 1969)

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Assemblage

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artworks constructed from already existing objects, influenced Rauschenberg’s combines.

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Benday Dots

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a printing process, named after illustrator and printer Benjamin Day, is similar to Pointillism. Involves the modulation of colors through placement and size of colored dots, utilized by Pop artist Roy Lichtenstein.

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Independent Group

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a group of artists in London who founded the movement known as Pop. Although originally British, most found their inspiration from Hollywood, Detroit, and NY’s Madison Avenue.

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Silkscreen printing

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an industrial printing technique that creates a sharp-edged image by pressing ink through a design on silk or a similar tightly woven porous fabric stretched tight on a frame.

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The Factory

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Nickname for Andy Warhol's studio.

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Diptych

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a painting, especially an altarpiece, on two hinged wooden panels that may be closed like a book.

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Richard Hamilton (b.1922)

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Studied the way advertising shapes public attitudes. Consistently combined elements of popular art and fine art.

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Andy Warhol (1928 - 1987)

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Early successful career as a commercial artist and illustrator. Pop artworks often depicted icons of mass-produced consumer culture. Favored reassuringly familiar objects and people.

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Roy Lichtenstein (1923 - 1997)

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Images were concrete and tightly controlled. Born in Manhattan close to Madison Avenue. Turned his attention to commercial art especially comic books.

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Claes Oldenburg (b.1929)

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Pop artist - sculptor. Best known for his mammoth outdoor sculptures.

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MINIMALISM/POST-MINIMALISM

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(1960 - 1970)

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Clement Greenberg

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His philosophy on “purity” inspired many minimalist sculptors.

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“Specific Objects”

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1965 essay written by minimalist sculptor Donald Judd, which described the advantages of sculpture over painting and the attractions of using industrial material for his works.

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Louise Nevelson

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Russian-born minimalist sculptor. Combined sense of architectural fragment with the power of Dada and surrealist found objects to express her personal sense of life’s underlying significance.

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Lynda Benglis

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American sculptor known for her wax paintings and poured latex sculptures.

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Carl Andre

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American minimalist artist recognized for his ordered linear format and grid format sculptures. His sculptures range from large public artworks to more intimate tile patterns arranged on the floor of an exhibition space.

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Donald Judd (1928 - 1994)

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Embraced a spare, universal aesthetic corresponding to core tenets of the Minimalist movement. Determined to arrive at a visual vocabulary devoid of deception or ambiguity.

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Eva Hesse (1936 - 1970)

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Spare and simple sculptures have a compelling presence. Chaos of WWII helped give her a lasting sense that the central condition of modern life are strangeness and absurdity. Created informal sculpture that was often hung from the ceiling, propped against walls, or spilled out along the floor.

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POSTMODERNISM

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(1967 - Present)

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Postmodernism

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a reaction against modernist formalism, seen as elitist. Far more encompassing and accepting than the more rigid confines of modernist practice, postmodernism offers something for everyone by accommodating a wide range of styles, subjects, and formats

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Feminist Art

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In the 1970’s many artists began to investigate the social dynamics of power and privilege, especially in relation to gender. Spearheading the feminist art movement were Judy Chicago and Miriam Schapiro.

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Conceptual Art

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An American avant-garde art movement of the 60’s whose premise was that the “Artfulness” of art lay in the artist’s idea rather than its final expression.

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Judy Chicago (b.1939)

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Major goal was to educate the public about women’s role in history and the fine arts to establish a respect for women and their art.

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Cindy Sherman (b.1954)

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Studied painting in Buffalo! Addresses in her work the way much of Western art presents female beauty for the enjoyment of the “male gaze”.

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Krzysztof Wodiczko (b.1943)

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Focuses on more universal concerns in his art. Whilst working in Canada he developed artworks involving outdoor slide images. Projected photographs on specific buildings to expose how civic embody, legitimize, and perpetuate power.

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Kehinde Wiley (b.1977)

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Renowned for his large scale portraits of young urban African-American men. Trademark paintings are of historically important portraits in which he substitutes figures with young black men in contemporary dress in order to situate them in what he calls “The field of power”