Art History Midterm

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Paleolithic

Back 1

25 million - 10,200 B.C

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Neolithic

Back 2

10,200 - 4000

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In-the-round

Back 3

Statues that are carved free of any background of block

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Wattle and daub

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Shelter made of willow or hazelnut sealed with a mixture of water, sand, urine and fecal matter

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Coursing

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Large stone forming a wall or structure with not cemeny or morter

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Henge

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Circle of stones or posts often surrounding a ditch with build-up embankment

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Stonehenge

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Located in southern England early humans may have scattered cremated remains here

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Post and lintel

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Two uprights (post) support a horizontal element (lintel)

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Dolmen

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Tomb chamber was formed of huge upright stones supporting one or more table like rocks

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Stele

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Upright slab stone

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Ziggurates

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Stepped pyramidal structures with a temple or shrine on the top

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Cuneiform

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Mesopotamia writing, Latin for wedge shaped

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Corbel

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Supports for a doorway or arch

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Gudea

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Ruler of Lagash from 2144 - 2124, he placed votive statues in diorite of himself as the embodiment of just rule

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Ur

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Capital of Sumeria

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Bas relief

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Images or words carved lightly into stone

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Gilgamesh

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T

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Acropolis

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Citadel or fortified part of an ancient Greek city, typically built on a hill

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Mastaba

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Flat-topped one story structure with slanted walls erected about an underground burial chamber

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Necropolis

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City of the dead, located at the edge of the desert on the west bank of 5ge Nile where the sun sets

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Persepolis

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Greek name for the city of Parsa "city of the Persians"

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Ptolemy

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Greco-roman mathematician, astronomer, geographer, astrologer, and poet

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Djoser

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Egyptian pharoh of the 3rd dynasty during the old kingdom and commissioned the earliest known monumental architecture in Egypt

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Osiris

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Egyptian god of the afterlife, underworld and rebirth

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Hatshepsut

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Wife of Tutmose 2, become regent for his son, declared king by priest

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Rhyton

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Greek drinking vessel usually having the form of an animals head, hole for drinking at the bottom

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Entasis

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Greek- slight convex curve in the shaft of a column created a visual illusion that it was straight

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Sumer

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The earliest known civilization, agriculture, writing, school, and murmurs other inventions

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Citadel

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A fortress, typically on high ground, greek

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Ma 'at

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Egyptian concepts of truth, order, balance, harmony, law, morality, and justice

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Pylon

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Greek upright structure that is used for support or navigational guidance

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Ka

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Egyptian believed this was your soul

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Cyclopean Works

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Large stone masonry seen in Mycenaean citadel and tombs

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Geometric

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Style of art in greece that flourished hetween 900 and 700 BCE

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Pediment

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Triangular gable found over major architectural elements such as classic Greek particles, Windows and doors

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Polykleitos

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Greek sculptor the created a Canon for the ideal human with a basic units of mesurments also included symmetria

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Caryatids

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Female figures acting as columns

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Kufu

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2nd king of the 4th dynasty in Egypt, builder of the great pyramid

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Book of the dead

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Collection of spells to be used in the after life, noticeably the judging of one's heart by Osiris

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Axial rotation

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Rotary motion of an object around it's own axis

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Ictinus

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Greek architect, known for the Parthenon, temple of mysteries, and temple of Apollo

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Kallicrates

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Athenian architect who designed the temple of Athena Nike and worked with Iktinos on the Parthenon

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Parthenon

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Dedicated to the Greek goddess Athena the Virgin, largest Doric temple on Greek mainland

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Labyrinth

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Complex maze in myth built by Daedauls for King Menes

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Gilgamesh

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Historical king of Sumeria, major hero in Mesopotamia myth

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Hammurabi

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Sixth king of the first Babylon dynasty. Created the first set of written laws

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Darius

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Fourth king of the Persian empire, great leader

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Classical Greek

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Period between the Persian Wars at the start of fifth century B.C. and Alexanders death, era of war, political reforms

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Step Pyramid

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Pyramid with distinctly terraced rather than smoothly ascending sides

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Menes

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First king of unified Egypt, reigned for 62 years killed by an hippo

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Hypostyle

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Interior space whose roof rest on pillars or columns, allows large spaces without arches

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Cartouche

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Oval or oblong figure as on Egyptian monuments enclosing characters that represent the name of a sovereign

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Alexandria

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Founded by Alexander the great, capital city, largest in the known world

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Tholos

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Beehive tomb in ancient Greek, circular with conical or vaulted roof

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Minoan

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Civilization during middle bronze age on the island of Crete, unique art and architecture,

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Phidias

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Greek sculptor, artistic director of the Parthenon, colossal seated Zeus, three Athenian works

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Acanthus

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Architectural ornament resembling the leaves of a plant by the same name

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Classical orders

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Doric (Greek mainland,plain unadorned columns) Ionic (Scroll like ordiments, graceful proportions), Corinthian (Most elaborate, carved capital, favoured by Romans)

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Ashlar

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Egypt, carefully cut and regularly snapped blocks of stone used in construction fitted without mortar

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Menhir

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Upright monument stone standing either alone or with others, as an alignment found in Cornwall and Brittany

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Lamassus

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Mesopotamia, Human-headed winged bulls, protective genies used as guardians at certain gates or doorways

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Zarathustra

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Iranian religious reformer and prophet, traditionally regarded as the founder of Zoroastrianism

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Alexander ii

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Young king, assassinated during a festival

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Mummification

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Done primarily in Egypt it is used to preserve a dead body for the afterlife

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Knossos

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Minoan palace and surrounding city on the Crete island

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Pericles

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Under his leadershop the golden age of Athenian culture flourished, a brilliant general, orator, patron of the arts and politician

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Canon of proportion

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Egyptian artists used this as a guide line, 18 units to the hairline or 19 units to the top of the head

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Athens

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Largest city, beautiful and busy city, famous for study and trade, famous building is the Patheon

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Crinth

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Surrounded by fertile plains and natural springs, important city, centre of trade, rarly out of the lime light

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Sparta

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Warrior society, boys were trained at 7, women enjoyed more freedom and education then other Greek women