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17 Cards in this Set

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In what ways did the advent of printmaking affect Western culture in the fifteenth-century.
Printmaking affected Western culture by making pictures and printed books more readily available to the public. Books became a lot cheaper to print and therefore more people could buy them. Since more people could buy books more people started to learn how to read. Artists could also make many copies of their paintings and distribute them in order to make a profit. Printed books soon replaced illuminated manuscripts.
Discuss the role of "disguised symbolism" in fifteenth-century Netherlandish painting.
Flemish artists used disguised symbolism in their paintings by including ordinary objects that may convey another meaning.
How did the new technique of oil painting developed in the early fifteenth-century influence the ways in which artists communicated their vision of the world? How did the new technique of oil painting developed in the early fifteenth-century influence the ways in which artists communicated their vision of the world?
They were able to use the oil paint to create a thin glaze or a thick and bodily impasto. Oil paint is also very slow drying so the artist had the ability to change his mind and mold the painting while he continued to work. Oil paint also helped the artists add a variety of new hues and tints to their paintings.
Under Emperor Charles IV, what city became a center of learning?
Prauge?
What is one interpretation of why Claus Sluter added the detail of bronze
spectacles to one of the prophets in The Well of Moses (14.1)?
Sluter gave one of the prophets a pair of bronze spectacles to further the connection to the real world. This attachment to the specific distinguishes Sluter’s naturalistic style from that of the earlier period and is one of the hallmarks of the International Gothic.
What aspect of the International Gothic style do many scholars consider to have
been influential to early Flemish painters and their followers in the fifteenth century?
Artists followed Gothic principles, which used geometric patterns to impose order on natural forms to idealize them, but they added details directly observed from nature, too. Many scholars see the detailed naturalism that appears in the International Gothic as a key stimulus for the more thoroughgoing naturalism of the early Flemish painters and their followers in the fifteenth century.
How is the International Gothic style characterized?
They produced works of exquisite craftsmanship, with sometimes very complex iconographies, out of expensive materials for elite patrons. In making these objects, artists followed Gothic principles, which used geometric patterns to impose order on natural forms to idealize them, but they added details directly observed from nature, too. Many scholars see the detailed naturalism that appears in the International Gothic as a key stimulus for the more thoroughgoing naturalism of the early Flemish painters and their followers in the fifteenth century.
What characteristics of the International Gothic style featured in Melchior Broederlam’s Infancy of Christ (14.2) panels?
Broederlam’s panels display another feature of the International Gothic style: the realistic depiction of small details. Observing nature in detail was certainly not new; similar realism may be seen in some Gothic sculpture. In Broederlam’s Annunciation panel, such realism is evident in the carefully rendered foliage and flowers of the enclosed garden behind Gabriel at the left. In the right hand panel, touches of naturalistic detail include the delightful donkey, the tiny fountain at its feet, and the rustic figure of St. Joseph. They do more than merely endow the image with small flashes of realism: they contribute to it’s meaning. (lily signifies Mary’s virginity, as does the enclosed garden next to her. The architecture contributes as well: contrasting Romanesque and Gothic buildings stand for the Hebrew Bible and the New Testament respectively. Broederlam enchants and instructs in this painting.
What are the significances of the symbolism in Robert Campin’s Mérode Triptych (14.8)?
-Mysterious boxlike object on the window ledge – a mousetrap, am object that is explained as God’s plan for salvation when he said “The Cross of the Lord was the devil’s mousetrap”
-The Flowers – associated with the Virgin as emblems of her purity and other virtues
-The smoking candle next to the vase of lilies – glowing wick and the curl of smoke indicate that it has just been extinguish. To explain why a candle had been lit on a sunny day, and what had snuffed out its flame, scholars have pointed to the arrival of Christ on a beam of light coming through the round window: the arrival of the true light (Christ) extinguishes the mundane one.
--Theologians or scholars may have provided Campin with the more learned aspects of the symbolism, but it was the artist who found the means to express these complex ideas in symbolic terms using forms observed in the visible world. Pragmatic merchants demanded directly observed renderings of things they could see.
What are the characteristics of Rogier van der Weyden’s Descent from the Cross (14.15)?
-Rogier depicted the moment when Christ’s followers lower his body from the Cross; the mourners crowd into a shallow box of space
-Modeled the forms carefully to suggest sculptural presence, and included enough detail to show every nuance of texture
-Emphasized the emotional impact of the scene on its participants, their faces and postures express the grief of the figures
-John the evangelist on the left & Mary Magdalen on the right are bowed in pain
-Virgin’s swoon echoes the pose and expression of her son
-Depicts her intense pain & grief in order to inspire the same compassion in a viewer
-Staged his scene in a shallow niche or shrine, not against a landscape
-Bold device focuses a viewer’s attention on the foreground & allows the artist to mold the figures into a coherent group
-Emphasis on the body of Christ at the center refers to the celebration of the Eucharist
What are the interpretations for the symbolism of Jan van Eyck’s The “Arnolfini Portrait” (14.14)?
-couple took off their shows as a matter of custom, or they are standing on “holy ground”
-little dog may be beloved pet, or it could be an emblem of fedility
-pieces of fruit on the window sill may be expressions of the couple’s wealth, or the tempatation of adam and eve
-tiny images of Christ’s passion & resurrection the small medallions that surround the mirror sound the only ambiguously religious note in the picture
What painter traditions is Jean Fouquet following in rendering his patron very realistically in Étienne Chevalier and St. Stephen (14.24)?
Froquet records the specific physiognomy of the patron in his fur-lined garment. The head of the saint, who carries a book and a stone, seems as individual as that of the donor. ???
What are the differences in Jean Fouquet’s Madonna and Child (14.25), and Bartolomé Bermejo’s Pietà (14.26)?
In contrast to the cool rationality (his images are geometrically ordered and rational rather than expressive), Bermejo’s work is highly emotional and expressive.
While Johann Gutenberg is credited with inventing movable type, what tradition does the roots of printing come from?
Tradition has credited Johann Gutenberg with inventing moveable type, but the roots of printing actually lie in the ancient Near East 5,000 years ago. The Sumerians were the earliest “printers” for their relief impressions on clay, from stone seals, were carved with both pictures and inscriptions.
What is the central theme in Sebastian Brant’s satire Ship of Fools (14.32)?
Brant’s text poked fun at many of the ills he perceived in his society, which, as the title implies, he characterized as a boat piloted by Folly. One important theme his text addresses is contemporary dissatisfaction with the Church. Brant’s satirical eye also fell on his own peers, as the woodcut in 14.32 reveals.
What feature distinguishes the International Gothic style that appeared near the end of the 14th century from earlier art forms of the Gothic period?
As the fourteenth century came to an end, aristocratic patrons throughout Europe indulged a taste for objects made of sumptuous materials with elegant forms, based on the Gothic style. The artists of the International Gothic, also adapted some elements from fourteenth-century Italy, including devices to imply spatial settings borrowed from Duccio and Pietro Lorenzetti, and certain themes and compositions, such as aristocrats enjoying the countryside are somewhat fluid, as some objects ascribed to the International Gothic date from the mid-fourteenth century, whereas others may date as late as the mid-fifteenth.
Which everyday objects serves as a religious symbol in Robert Campin’s Mérode Triptych?
-Mysterious boxlike object on the window ledge – a mousetrap, am object that is explained as God’s plan for salvation when he said “The Cross of the Lord was the devil’s mousetrap”
-The Flowers – associated with the Virgin as emblems of her purity and other virtues
-The smoking candle next to the vase of lilies – glowing wick and the curl of smoke indicate that it has just been extinguish. To explain why a candle had been lit on a sunny day, and what had snuffed out its flame, scholars have pointed to the arrival of Christ on a beam of light coming through the round window: the arrival of the true light (Christ) extinguishes the mundane one.