Art History Final Review

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Grande odalisque by Jean auguste ingres

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Painted for Napoleon's sister caroline. Greco roman subject converted to odalisque. Pose, elongated limbs borrowed from michaelangelo

Contained elements of neoclassicism like cool color scheme. Hated by critics.

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Odalisque

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Woman in a Turkish harem

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Romanticism

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Reason to feeling. Intense emotion. Emphasized feelings of horror and the sublime. Interest in middle ages.

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Liberty leading the people by Eugene Delacroix

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1830 parisian uprising against Charles X. Record of contemporary event and romantic allegory. personification of liberty urges crowd to fight on. Wears cap symbolizing freed slaves in antiquity. She's surrounded by bold parisian types.

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Francisco Goya- third of may (spain)

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Commissioned by Ferdinand VII. Emotional depicting of contemporary event. Napoleon soldiers execute Spanish peasants. Horrified expressions and anguish on their faces. Humanity lacking in faceless soldiers. Contrast of dark and light. Peasant throws arm out like christ on the cross.

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Wandered above sea of mist by Casper Friedrich

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Man in German attire surveys landscape of clouds, mountains and mist. Point of view makes viewer that enhances mystery. Expresses romantic notion of the sublime in nature

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J.M.W. Turner, the slave ship.

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English painter. Concept of the sublime in nature. Hazy painter forms; influenced abstract expressionism. Emotive power of color. Subject is captain dumping slaves into sea. Color released from defining outlines to express force of nature and painters emotional response to it.

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Among Sierra Nevada mountains, california by Albert bierstadt.

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Big painting. Size enhances awe. Sun breaking from clouds suggest heavenly consecration of land. Reinforced manifest destiny(westward expansion) by calling attention to beauty and uniqueness of regions beyond rocky mountains.

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Sublime

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Feeling of awe and terror. Used mostly in romaticism when depicting nature.

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Realism (early 19th century)

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Focus on real world; people of their own time and events; empiricism and positivism.

Developed in france;emphasis on science.

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The stone breaker by Gustave courbet (french)

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First artist to set up own exhibition. Life-size painting of life of everyday workers.

Championed everyday life.

Juxtaposed young and old; those born into poverty will remain that way.

No romanticized or idealized.

Dirty brown colors give dreary and dismal feeling of the task.

Beginning of modernism

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Eduard magnet, Olympia

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Scandalous painting of prostitute.

Meets viewers eye boldly.

Black maid brings flowers from client.

Contrast of black maid and white prostitute evoked moral depravity; conjured racial division.

Critics hated rough brushstrokes and sudden tonal shift.

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Winslownhomer, veteran in a new field (realism in U.S)

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Commentary on effects and aftermath of civil war.

Uniform and canteen mean he's a veteran.

Subject is no longer soldier, but farmer; transition from war to peace

Scythe; grim reapers tool; symbol of death of soldiers.

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Impressionism (late 19th century)

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Study of color.

Am impression; unfinished;sketchy quality; abbreviation.

Radical modernist idea.

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Claude monet, impression:sunrise

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Coined term impressionist.

Study of light and color.

Broken from tradition.

Short brushstrokes of pure color on canvas without a sketch.

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Claude monet, rouen cathedral series

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Painting of more than 30 views of cathedral; different times of day and different climates.

Subject is not cathedral, but the sunlight.

Study of light.

Critics accused him of destroying light

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Japonisme (19th century)

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French become intrigued with Japanese culture and art; exotic.

Influenced impressionists and post impressionist artist.

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Mary cassat, the child's bath

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Often depicted women and children.

Artist/viewer looks down from above.

Subjects solid form contrast with flatness of wallpaper and rug.

Collaborated/good friends with degas.

Feminine viewpoint; could not frequent bars with male friends.

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Pointillism

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Analyzing light, color and the momemt.

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Post impressionism

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More analytical than impressionism.

Examine properties of line, form, color, pattern.

Still relied on impressionist principles but didn't remove traditional concepts completely.

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Paul cezanne , Mont Sainte victoire

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Analysis of lines, planes, and colors.

Organized, composed.

Created 3 dimensionality form with carefully selected forms.

Breaking down paint into form.

No attempt to hide brushstrokes.

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Edvard munch, the scream (symbolist)

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Symbolist painting; primal emotion;

Color, line, and figural distortion used to evoke strong emotional response.

Wanted to describe modern psyche life and pressure of it.

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Avant garde

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"Front guard"; french military term.

Questioned status quo; troops sent ahead to scout enemy position.

Artists ahead of their time; realists, impressionist, post impressionist.

Influenced post 20th century artists..

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Fauvisim

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Bright in color; vivid colors, wild beasts.

Appeal to viewers senses. Intense colors juxtaposition.

Very short lived art form.

Colors used to produce reaction from vriewer.

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Henri Matisse, woman with the hat

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Color evokes emotion; strong reaction from viewers.

Matisse wife; patches of arbitrary colors, sketchy forms.

Rejected imitative colors.

Color responsible for pictorial coherence and primary conveyor of meaning.

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German expressionism (early 20th century)

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Influenced by fauves.

Two groups; die Brucke and Der blaue rieter.

Dramatic and emotional, distorted forms, ragged outlines, agitated brushstrokes

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Die brucke

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German expressionists.

Lead by Ernst Kirchner.

Bridged old age and new.

Modeled after medieval craft guilds.

Protested hypocrisy and materliastic decadence of those in power.

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Street dresden, by Ernst Ludwig kirchner (die brucke)

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Depicts bustling German city before WWI.

Jarring colors; women in foreground are large and menacing; harsh ghoulish features.

Colors add to expressive impact.

Perspective pushes them towards viewers space.

Influenced by Edvard munchs scream.

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Der blaue riter

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2nd German expressionists group.

Formed in Munich.

Founded by kandinsky and Franz marc.

Their paintings captured feelings in visual form; elicited intense emotional response.

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Improvisation 38 by vassily kandinsky.

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Kandinsky one of first to reject representation and explore abstraction.

Reflects artist interest in science.

Believed art should be composed like music.

Conveyed feeling through color juxtaposition, intersecting linear elements and implied spatial relationships.

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Pablo Picasso. Les desmoiselles avignon.

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New method of representing forms in space.

Women have Fractured shapes; broken down to ambiguous planes; combination of different views. jagged planes represent drapery and empty space.

Figures inconsistent.

Departed from traditional western art; paved way for more artistic revolutions.

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Pablo Picasso, guernica.

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instrument of war against enemy through art.

Political statement about Nazi bombing of guernica.

Universal outcry of human grief.

Formal qualities; size is big. Black and white color scheme looks like newspaper, shallow composition, no depth; in your face. Triangle in middle stabilizes composition.

Bull represents brutality and darkness.

Light shines on horrific event.

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Cubism (synthetic and analytical)

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Synthetic: analysus of structure and form. Showed models at different position. Subdued hues.Analytical: later style. Mixed media. Challenged reality.

hues.

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Futurism (early 20th century Italian movement)

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Sociopolitical agenda.War is cleansing agent. Machines; speed; movement was way forward.Rejected rigidity; influenced by analytical cubism.

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Dada

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Mocked other artists.

More of mindset than a style; state of mind.

Absurd; nonsensical.

Disdain for convention and tradition

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The fountain by marchel duchamp

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Most influential dadaist.

Readymade sculpture.

Urinal on its back.

Declared it as art so ppl would see it in new light.

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Suprematism (early 20th century russia)

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Non objective forms in art; used

Shapes not related to anything.

Wanted "pure feeling".

Liked square shape.

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Suprematist composition: airplane flying by kazimir malevich

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Abstract style.

Used squares and rectangles.

Supreme reality is pure feeling.

Bright rectangles float against white space.

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Armory show

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Art capital now new York.

Brought European modernism to U.S.

Foundation of American modernist art.

Press hated duchamp nude descending staircase.

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Harlem renaissance (1920s)

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Development of African American art; writers, painter, sculptors, etc.

Promoted African work and racial equality and tolerance

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Noah's ark by Aaron douglas.

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Based on bk of poems.

Heads influenced by Egyptian art; motifs from African sculpture.

Flat planes evoke mystic space/miraculous happenings.

Deep space suggested with different head sizes.

Transparent angular planes influenced by synthetic cubism.

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Neue sachlichkeit (new objectivity)

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Present clear eyed/direct and honest image of world.

Present effects of WW1.

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Night by Max beckmann

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Emphasized horrors of war.

Cramped room with 3 invaders.

Showed brutality and violence of war; societies current condition.

Stilted angularity; ontorted bodies; rough paint surface.

Space is illogical.

Artist treatment of forms/space matched brutality of early 20th century society.

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Surrealism (naturalistic/biomorphic)

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Metaphysical; express dreams and subconscious. Many dadaist became surrealist.

Naturalistic: painting that is recognizable.

Biomorphic: little shapes that are not recognizable.

Front 45

The song of love by Giorgio de chirico (Italy)

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Precursor to surrealism. Metaphysical; transcend physical appearance.

hidden reality.

Marbel head in midair; red glove nailed to wall.

Shadow directs viewers eye to left

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Salvador Dalia persistence of memory

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Empty space; time had ended.

Watches are decaying.

Artist Painted with precision; wanted painting convincing; irrational world concrete.

Front 47

Treachery of images by rene magritte

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Influenced by Giorgio de chirico.

Depiction of pipe; caption contradicts pipe.

Challenges viewers reliance on rational in reading visual art.

Front 48

Painting by Francis bacon (post world War 2)

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Reflection of war and Indictment of humanity; condemns war.

Powerful, stocky man residing over slaughter.

Precursor to abstract expressionism.

Umbrella recalls images of Neville chamberlain (wartime British prime minister).

Front 49

Garden in sochi by ashile gorky (abstract expressionism).

Back 49

Gorky lived short life; very misfortunate.

Inspired by artists childhood memories.

Brightly colored;thin outlines.

Bridge between biomorphic surrealist/ abstract expressionism

Bottom has two oversized shoes; given to artist by father.

Front 50

Abstract expressionism

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First major American Avant garde movement.

Emerged in NYC in 1940s.

Expressed state of mind; wanted emotional reaction

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Gestural expressionism

Back 51

Action painting; gesture is subject of art.

Proponent is Jackson pollock.

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Chromatic expressionism

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Emotional resonance with color. Color important to evoke emotion.

Front 53

Jackson pollock

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Pioneer of gestural expressionism.

Jack the dripper.

Painted "lavender mist"

Created art that was spontaneous yet choreographed.

Emphasized gesture/ creative process.

Front 54

Vir herocuis sublimus by Barnett newman.(chromatic expeessionism)

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Single color split by zips running from one edge of painting to the other.

Front 55

Post painterly abstractionism (post war movement)

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Whereas abstractionism is intense passion, post painterly is cool detachment.

Tight pictorial control; loose paint application; very analytical.

Front 56

Mas o menos by Frank stella

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abstractionism.

Stella is Leading exponent of post painterly abstractionism.Hard edge surface; Evenly shaped stripes promote purity in painting. No central focus; no expressive elements.

Hard edge surface; Evenly shaped stripes promote purity in painting.

No central focus; no expressive elements.

Front 57

The bay by Helen frankenthaler.

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First to soak and stain.

This technique influenced many artists.

Appears spontaneous and almost accidental.

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Minimalism (1960s)

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Sculptural trend.

Reduce form to single units.

Purity of form; lose hand of artist.

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Pop art (1950s)

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Thought Avante garde alienated public.

Fascinated with popular/consumer culture; advertising, comic books.

Wanted public to understand art.

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Three flags, by jasper Johns (not pop art bit precursor)

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Wanted to draw attention to Common worldly objects.

Influenced by dadaist readymades and surrealists.

3 Overlapping American flags.

Evidence of hand; brushstrokes still visible.

Front 61

Canyon by Robert Rauschenberg

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Multimedia work; everyday object.

Assemblages; painted passages with sculptural elements.

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Hopeless, by roy litchenstein

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Immortalized comic book pages; meant to be read and discarded.

Mocked popular culture.

Commercial art subject matter.

Included baloons text.

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Combines

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Coined by American artist Robert Rauschenberg.

Given to his assemblages; painted passages with sculptural elements.

Front 64

Andy warhol, green coca cola bottles.

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Quintessential american artist. Understood use of advertising/mass media.

Icon of mass produced consumer culture.

Repetition reflect saturation of coke in American culture.

Front 65

Superrralisim (1960s) aka photo realism

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Wanted art that was more accessible to to public than alienating of abstract expressionism.

Wanted to expand pops iconography in painting/sculpture.

Used photos as source of imagery.

Front 66

Big self portrait by Chuck close

Back 66

Most famous superrealist.

photos.

Based paintings on photos.Aimed to translate photographic info into Painted info.

Large scale artwork.

Avoided creative compositions; flattering lighting and revealing facial expressions.

Front 67

The dinner party by Judy chicago.

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Masterpiece of feminist art.

Honors 39 women influential from Antuquity to 20th century art.

Unique porcelain plate reflect fact of each womans life.

Triangular form and materials are traditionally associated with women

Front 68

Untitled film still #35 by Cindy Sherman (1970s U.S)

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Addresses way art presents female beauty for male "gaze".

Made 80 movie stills with images of herself.

Took control of her own imagery; feminist ideal.

Front 69

Spiral jetty by Robert Smithson (1960s)

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Example of environmental art.

Used art to call attention to landscape.

Moved art from gallery to public sphere.

Manipulated earth and rock into great salt lake.

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Conceptual art.

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Most radical Avante garde movement.

Reconsidered definition of art.

Idea is defining component.

Idea more important than final expression.

Front 71

One and three chairs by Joseph kosuth (conceptual art)

Back 71

Juxtaposed chair, photography of chair and definition of chair.

Asks reader what makes a chair.