Art History Exam I

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Paul Klee, "Swamp Legend" 1919

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Karl Schmidt-Rottluff, "Self Portrait" 1919

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Amedeo Modigliani, "Portrait of a woman" 1916

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Gustav Klimt, "Adele Bloch Bauer" 1908

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Paul Cezanne, "Fruit Service and milk jug" 1880-1881.

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Vincent van Gogh, "Self Portrait" 1888.

Degenerate because of nervous, loose

brushwork. He creates a very active sensibility. Almost a halo effect around his head. Also there is no background which challenged the system. Also a neo-impressionist.

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Paul Gauguin, "From Tahiti" 1902. His style was neo-impressionist. Essentially, he uses formal qualities in a subjective way. His sense of space is not illusionistic.

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Pablo Picasso "Two Harlequins" 1905. This was a part of Picasso's Rose Period before he created Cubism. This work is Pre-Cubist.

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Pablo Picasso, "Buste de femme" 1922.

Degenerate because it's not beautiful idealized human form and brushwork does look clumsy with loose brush-stroke that are not hidden,

definitely element of modernism.

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James Ensor "Masks and death" 1897. Ensor was a symbolist. Idea is to use objects at symbols.

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Felix Nussbaum, "Self Portrait with Jewish

Identity Card" 1943

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Henri Matisse "Bathers with a turtle" 1908. Matisse was leader of Phobism, where color is most important element because it organizes composition and expresses meaning and emotion.

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George Grosz "Portrait of Max Hermann-Neisse" 1925

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Kokoschka "Old man" 1909

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Kirchner "Street, Berlin" 1913

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March Chagall "Rabbi" 1912. Degenerate

because un-naturalistic color, he was Russian and Jewish, this is a Jewish subject. Everything about this work was wrong.

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Emile Nolde "Christ and the children" 1910

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Arno Breker "Readiness" 1939

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Joseph Thorak "Comradeship" 1937

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Alfred Ziegler "The Four Elements" 1937

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Haus der Kunst (House of German Art) in Munich

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Arno Breker "Berufuna" 1940-1941

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Parthenon Marbles at the British Museum

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Lord Elgin's work at the Parthenon temple

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Rosetta Stone, found by Napoleon and his team of archeologists in 1799. It had three different kinds of writing (languages). Once the French were defeated by the British, the British took it.

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Bronze Horses of San Marco. These have been looted often. They have been in Rome, then were taken to Constantinople, then Venice and then Napoleon took them from Venice.

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Roman Empire, Arch of Titus with details of the Spoils of Jerusalem, late first century CE

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Roman Empire, "Portrait of Augustus" 1st

century CE

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Babylon, "Ishtar Gate" 6th century BCE

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Babylonian, "Stele with the law code of

Hammurabi" ca. 1780 BCE

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Assyrian, "Ashurbanipal's Sack of Susa" (Persia) ca. 640 BCE

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Edouard Manet "Luncheon on the Grass" 1863. This painting is really the beginning of modern art because Manet is bucking the system. He

creates his own exhibition.

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Pablo Picasso "Man with a pipe" 1911

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Oskar Schlemmer "Bauhaus stairway" 1932

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Walter Gropius "Bauhaus building at Dessau" 1925-1926

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Bauhaus

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It embraced modern life and basic things rather than glorifying only exquisite and fancier things. For a long time, fine art was supposed to be pure and here you have artists embracing the industrial side of life and creating utilitarian objects to assist modern man.

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Looting

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Looting, spoliation, and plundering all mean the same thing. It is the act of removing symbolic or valuable objects by the looter. Seen a lot during war.

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What is the one word to describe tradition in western art?

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Naturalism - close to nature. The idea to

portray things as they truly appear in nature. Creating illusion of 3D space.

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The Academy

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Institution of art with the very first one in Italy. If you were an artist, you had to be a member of the academy. It was a means of education and training for artists and they would promote

certain ideas like naturalism.

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Claude Monet "Impression: Sunrise" 1872. The painting is sketchy and loose, not polished or any graded tones. Instead he uses light, color, and brushwork. He wanted to capture color.

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What is looting, spoliation, plunder? Identify the above objects by culture, title, and century. Describe how each object reflects the practice of looting in ancient and classical civilizations. What are some reasons/motives for looting, both practically and symbolically?

The objects are Ashurbanipal's Sack of Susa, Stele with law code of Hammurabi, and Arch of Titus with Spoils of Jerusalem.

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The steles were commissioned by King Hammurabi to inform citizens of established laws and punishments. It was later taken by the Elamites to Susa and not rediscovered until 1901 during a French exhibition of ancient Persia; this exhibition resulted in it its current location in the Louvre in Paris, France.

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Were the listed items looted or not?

a) The Rosetta Stone

b) Parthenon Marbles

c) Ishtar Gate

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a) The stone was not technically looted as a spoil of war, but nonetheless was taken without fair reparation.

b) Thomas Bruce, 7th Earl of Elgin, obtained a permit from the Sublime Porte, which then ruled Greece. Bruce removed about half of the surviving sculptures from the Parthenon Temple and eventually sold them to British gov't. Cannot be defined as looting because he did have permission which is still controversial.

c) Cannot be considered looting because it was paid for and preserved by Archaeologists.

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Summarize the theory of artistic "degeneracy" (entartete) in the late nineteenth and early twentieth century, citing at least two key figures and/or texts. Then identify the flawed premise(s) of this theory.

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"Degeneracy" in the sense that race somewhat pre-determines the style of art and that artist is incapable of moving beyond their race, blood, or genetics. Started with Max Nordau and his book and then moved to others such as Hans Prinzhorn and Joseph Goebbels.

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Select three avant-garde paintings from those discussed in class and identify them by artist, title and date. Drawing on your knowledge of "degeneracy" theory, discuss why the Nazis considered these pictures to be "degenerate". Then explain in what ways these same paintings can be understood as having great value, or significance, in the history of art. You must cite relevant art-historical terms (e.g., styles or movements).

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a) Chagall

b) Van gogh

c) Gaugin

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Identify these images by artist/architect, title, date. Characterize the Nazi concept of "great German art" and describe how these objects exemplify the Nazi aesthetic.

a) Breker's "Readiness" 1939

b) Ziegler's "The Four Elements" 1937

c) Haus der Kunst (House of German Art)

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There was a tendency to mimic classical Grecian styles. Breker's sculpture is that of an ideal Greek man who is strong with chiseled muscles and great detail in his face and hands. Ziegler's painting was a paneled canvas that mimicked master styles that paid great attention to creating shadows and illusionistic space. The House of German Art was a propaganda museum to display "true German art". It was styled after the Parthenon temple.

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George Braque "Still life" 1924. Degenerate

because very flat and black outline around objects make them look like a cutout. Traditional painting would be more blended. Braque was leader of cubist movement but this work wasn't cubist.

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What was the Entartete Kunst? What would

happen to works after the exhibition?

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Opened July 19th, 1937 as a message to the

public that "degenerate art" would no longer be tolerated by the Nazi Party and to manipulate the public's view of modern art. They would hang paintings upside down, put the prices next to them, and put many paintings in a room to create of sense of cluster. Works would be send to the international market where they would be sold tremendously under value or would be burned.

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What was the Führermuseum?

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Hitler's ideas for his museum to be located in his hometown of Linz, Austria. It was never built but he fantasized about it all of the way up to his death. He was inspired after visiting Italy and believed that culture determined a country's greatness.

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Führer reserve

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Directive, the right for Hitler to choose what he wants. The very best works of art that are found are for Hitler and it is essentially him having dibbs.

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Anschluss

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Annexation of Austria in March 1938, big violation of the Treaty of Versailles. Austria was fairly complacent with this and lots of enthusiasm about the annexation. Anyone who opposed Nazi rule was subject to arrest and beatings.

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From 1938-1940, the Nazi government issued several ordinances or decrees regarding cultural property. Identify the following two measures and explain how these measures provided the basis for plunder under the Third Reich. Cite relevant historical figures, terms, and points of context.

A) Ordinance of December 1938 regarding the employment of Jewish property

B) Ordinance of August 1940: Repatriation of Cultural Goods from Enemy States

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These ordinances taxed the Jewish people for insinuating the Kristallnacht. The idea was to make them pay for damages. Nazi's said they caused violence. Nazi's confiscated insurance money for the damages. The Nazi's saw it as reparation for all of the damages the Jewish people caused. Aryanization laws deprived Jewish people of assets and for income as they were not allowed to work. A) This was very similar to the November Ordinance as well. It prohibited all economic activity by Jewish people. They were unemployed, could not own anything, and had to give over insurance money for damage they had "caused." Their businesses were incorporated into government appointed trusts that charged owners a fee in order to sell their businesses. The sellers commission was so high they were basically giving away their business to an Aryan who was deemed suitable to work because they were ideal race. B) Authorized Joseph Goebells to pursue this project where he will recover artworks of German origin that had been taken by foreigners, stolen or not, in the last 400 years. Does not really have to do with Jewish individuals.
There were over 400 anti-semitic laws passed by the Nazi Party.