Art History

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Tholos

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1 : a round building of classical Greek date and style.

2 : a circular tomb of beehive shape approached by a horizontal passage in the side of a hill.

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Proto-geometric

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after the collapse of Mycenaean culture mainly non-figural styles until the Orientalizing period

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Geometric

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Dipylon Vase. Late Geometric belly-handled amphora, from the Dipylon Cemetery, Athens. ca. 750 BCE, height 5’1” (1.55m)

(c. 900-700): predominance of linear designs in vase paintings and clay/bronze sculptures, closely related

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Orientalizing

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*1st:The Ajax Painter. Aryballos (Perfume Jar). Middle-Corinthian I A, 690-675 bce. Height 1 7/8” (7.3cm), diameter 4.4 cm

*2nd:Pitcher (olpe) Corinth, c. 600 BCE

Ceramic with black-figure decoration,

height 11½"

(c. 700-600): strong influence from the Near East and Egypt; Eastern motifs and ideas such as hybrid creatures, real/imaginary/mythical animals significantly appeared.

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Archaic

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*1st:Exekias. Achilles and Ajax Playing Dice. Black-figured amphora. Height 2’ (61cm)

ca. 540–530 BCE

-Such signatures, common on Greek vases, reveal pride and sense of self-identity as an "artist" serving as "brand names" because the ceramic workshops of Athens and Corinth exported their vases widely. Exekias, unlike his Geometric predeccorss, used figures of monumental stature and placed them in a single large framed panel. At the left is Archilles fully armed. He plays a dice game with his comrade Ajax, who has his helmet removed, but both men hold their weapons nearby ready for action The gravity and tension that characterize this composition are rare in Archaic Art. Exekias used spears to lead viewers eyes to Ajax and Achilles focus viewpoint, the rolling dice, the intricate engravings on their cloaks are masterful.

*2nd:Women at a Fountain House. 520–510 BCE. Height of hydria 20 7/8”. 53cm

(c. 600 480): meaning “old,” only because it is the period right before the “Classical,” the major period in the Greek culture with its signature art styles.

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Classical

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(c. 480-320):the end of Persian Wars to the death of Alexander the Great in around 320; in 479, Greeks eventually defeated Persians, yet the cities especially Athens needed to be reconstructed (beautifying); Perikles (c. 495 – 429 BC) was the political leader and major force behind it.

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Early Classical or transitional

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1st: Dancing Revelers.

Red-figured amphora. ca. 510–500 BCE

2nd: Niobid Painter. Red-figured calyx krater, from Orvieto. ca. 460–450 BCE

(c. 480-450)

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The Fifth-Century Classical or High Classical

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Reed Painter. White-ground lekythos. ca. 425–400 BCE

(c. 450-400)

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The Fourth-Century Classical or Late Classical

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(c. 400-320)

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Hellenistic

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(320-31 BCE):the years after the Alexander the Great who extended the Greek territory dramatically, breaking down cultural boundaries; political struggle followed esp. over the right of success; it was divided into three main kingdoms until the Romans conquered all of them in 31 BCE.

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Greek society vs. Egyptian society

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*Egyptian society -- theocracy / Separatism/ Hierarchical

*Greek society

-The beginning of democracy: "Man is the measure of all things,“

(Women and Slaves were excluded).

-reason, rationality, mathematics, philosophy, and science are important, less emphasis on religion and superstition.

-anthropomorphic deities—deities taking on human features.

-The Greek sculpture, architecture, literature, philosophy and mathematics influenced the Roman Empire, and later in Italy during the Renaissance period. It is one of the foundation of Western artistic development—humanistic/naturalistic development.

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Some Standard Shapes of Greek Vessels

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-storing and transporting wine and foodstuffs (amphora),

-drawing water (hydria),

-drinking wine or water (kantharos or kylix)

-pouring libations, or a tribute to the gods or the dead (lekythos) or vases were also used as grave markers, known as funerary kraters

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Doric, Ionic, Corinthian column styles in elevation

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Common Greek ornamental motifs

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Archaic Sculptures

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*1st: Kore (Maiden). ca. 630, Archaic Greek
*2nd: New York Kouros (Youth). ca. 600–590 BCE, Archaic Greek

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Egypt (Old Kingdom Art)

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Menkaure and a Queen. Fourth Dynasty, 2490–2472 BCE. Height 54 1/2”.

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*Kouros,ca.600 BCE Marble, Archaic Greek 6'1/2" high

-A marble statue representing a Kouros[youth] is typical in emulating[match] the stance of Egyptian statues. In both cases the male figure is rigidly frontal with the left foot advanced slightly. The arms are close to the body, and the fists clenched with the thumbs forward. Greek Kouros statues differ from their Egyptian models. 1st: Greek sculptors liberated their figures from the original stone block. The Egyptian obsession with permanence was alien to the Greeks, who were preoccupied with finding ways to represent motion rather than stability in their statues. 2nd: the kouroi are nude, just as Greek athletes competed nude in the Olympic Games, and, in the absence of attributes, Greek youths as well as maidens are formally indistinguishable from Greek statues deities.

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*Kroisos, from Anavysos, Greece, ca. 530 BCE. Marble, 6' 4"high.

-A young man named Kroisos died a hero's death in battle, and his family marked his grave at Anavysos, not far from Athens, with a Kouros statue. Although the stance is the same as in the earlier Kouros, the sculptor's rendition of human anatomy is more naturalistic. The head is no longer too large for the body, and the face is more rounded with swelled cheeks, The long hair does not form a stiff backdrop but falls naturally. Rounded hips replace V shaped ridges of the earlier statue. Also new is that Kroisos smiles-or seems to. From this time on, Archaic Greek statues always smile-even in inappropriate contexts. This "Archaic Smile" is the archaic sculptors way of indicating that the person portrayed is alive.

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Early Classical or Transitional

1st:Kritios Boy. ca. 480 BCE

2nd:Zeus. ca. 460–450 BCE Bronze, height 6’10”

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1st:Riace Warrior A, found in the sea off Riace, Italy. ca. 450 BCE, 4th century classical

2nd:Praxiteles, Aphrodite of Knidos. Roman copy after an original of ca. 340–330 BCE, 5th century classical

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1st:Epigonos(?), Dying Gaul. Roman copy after a bronze original from Pergamon, Turkey, ca. 230-220 BCE, Hellenistic. Marble, 3'1/2" high.

2nd:Drunken Old Woman. Roman copy of an original of the late 3rd or late 2nd century BCE, Hellenistic

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1st:The Temple of Hera I (“Basilica”), ca. 550 BCE,Archaic and the

Temple of Hera II (“Temple of Poseidon”), Paestum. ca. 460 BCE, Early Classical or Transitional

2nd:Plan of Temple of Hera I, Poseidonia (Roman Paestum). c. 550–540 BCE, Archaic

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Central portion of west pediment of Temple of Artemis, Corfu, Greece.

ca. 600–580 BCE, Archaic

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1st:West Pediment of the Temple of Aphaia, Aegina. c. 500–490 BCE, Archaic. Width about 49’

2nd:Dying Warrior (Right Corner, West Pediment). c. 500–490 BCE, Archaic Length 5’ 6”

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1st:Dying Warrior (Left Corner, East Pediment).c. 490–480 BCE. Length 6’, Archaic

2nd:Photographic reconstruction (partial) of Battle of the Lapiths and Centaurs, from west pediment of Temple of Zeus at Olympia. ca. 460 BCE, Early Classical or Transitional

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1st:Akropolis (view from west), Athens. Propylaia, 437–432 BCE, The Fifth-Century Classical or High Classical

2nd: Iktinos and Kallikrates. The Parthenon (view from the west).

Akropolis, Athens. 447–432 BCE, The Fifth-Century Classical or High Classical

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Grave Stele of Hegeso. ca. 410–400 BCE

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Reconstruction drawing of the Mausoleum at Halikarnassos.

ca. 359–351 BCE (from H. Colvin)

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1st: Theater, Epidauros. Early 3rd to 2nd centuries BCE

2nd: Plan of the theater, Epidauros (after Picard-Cambridge)

-The formal Greek theatre was a place where ancient rites, songs, and dances were performed. This circular piece of earth with a hard and level surface later became the orchestra ("dancing place") of the theatre. The spectators sat on a slope overlooking the orchestra-the theatron ("place for seeing").When the theatre took shape builders always situated the auditorium on a hillside. The Epidaurus theater was famous for the harmony of its proportion, although spectators in some seats had obstructed views of the skene (scene building) and all had unobstructed views of the orchestra.

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Caryatid

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a stone carving of a draped female figure, used as a pillar to support the entablature of a Greek or Greek-style building.

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Column--> Base, Shaft, flute, Capital

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*The flute is the vertical flute shaped design on the shaft.

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Entablature--> frieze, architrave

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Metope

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a square space between triglyphs in a Doric frieze.

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Cornice

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an ornamental molding around the wall of a room just below the ceiling.

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Pediment

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the triangular upper part of the front of a building in classical style, typically surmounting a portico of columns

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Triglyph

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an architectural term for the vertically channeled tablets of the Doric frieze, so called because of the angular channels in them, two perfect and one divided, the two chamfered angles or hemiglyphs being reckoned as one.

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Stylobate

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In classical Greek architecture is the top step of the crepidoma, the stepped platform on which colonnades of temple columns are placed (it is the floor of the temple).

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Cella

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the inner area of an ancient temple, especially one housing the hidden cult image in a Greek or Roman temple.

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Allegory

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a symbol

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Black-figure/ red-figure/ white-ground vases

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*In black-figure vase painting, figural and ornamental motifs were applied with a slip that turned black during firing, while the background was left the color of the clay.(1st).

*In white-ground pottery, the vase is covered with a light or white slip of kaolinite.

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Amphitheater

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an open-air venue used for entertainment, performances, and sports.

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Shading

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refers to depicting depth perception in 3D models or illustrations by varying levels of darkness.

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Spatial perspective

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seeking to understand the changing spatial organization and material character of Earth's surface.

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Contrapposto

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an asymmetrical arrangement of the human figure in which the line of the arms and shoulders contrasts with while balancing those of the hips and legs.

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Peristyle

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a row of columns surrounding a space within a building such as a court or internal garden or edging a veranda or porch.