Art Exam 4

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Sculpture

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Art occurring in 3-D space

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Freestanding

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Sculpture meant to be seen from all sides

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In-the-round

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A free standing sculture

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Relief

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A sculpture that is not freestanding but projects from a background surface

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Bas Relief

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Sometimes known as low relief, the projection from the surrounding surface is slight.

Ex: Apollo - greek silver coin

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High Relief

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More than half of the natural circumference of the modeled form projects from the surrounding surface and figures are often substantially undercut

Ex: Robert Longo - Corporate Wars: wall of influence

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Modeling

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Additive process--Pliable Material such as clay, wax, or plaster is built up, removed, and pushed into final form

Ex: Ballplayer with three part yoke and bird headdress

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Additive

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Sculptural form produced by adding, combining, or building up material from a core or (in some cases) an armature

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Armature

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To prevent sagging, sculptors usually start all but very small pieces with a rigid inner support

Ex: Viola Frey---Stubborn Woman, orange hands

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Casting

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Make it possible to execute a work in an easily handled medium (such as clay) and then to reproduce the results in a more permanent material (such as bronze).

Ex: Charles Ray --- Father Figure

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Substitution

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Substitution of one material for anonther

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Mold

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a hollow form or matrix for giving a particular shape to something in a molten or plastic state

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Lost wax process

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The mold is destroyed to remove the hardened cast only allowing for one cast

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Carving

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A subtractive process---The cutting of material such as stone or wood to form a figure or design.

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Bosses

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Raised area in an art form

Ex: Disk (bi) China, Western Han Dynasty

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Constructions

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Assembled sculpture

Ex: Julio Gonzalez --- maternity

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Assemblage

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Sculpture made by assembling found or cast off objects that may or may not contribute their original identities to the total content of the work

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kinect

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Art that incorporates actual movement as part of the design

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Mobiles

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Suspended parts that move in response to small air currents

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Installation

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An art medium in which the artist arranges objects or artworks in a room thinking of the entire space as the medium to be manipulated.

Ex: Amalia Pica. Eavesdropping---Drinking glasses and glue

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Site-Specific

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Artworks intended only for specific locations

Ex: Richard Serra---Titled Arc

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Earth Works

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Site specific works that are meant for the outdoors

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Ceramics

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The art and science of making objects from clay

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Ceramicits

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Any person who works with clay

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Potters

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A ceramist who specializes in making dishes

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Kiln

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All clays are flexible until baked in a dedicated high-temperature oven

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Earthenware

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A type of clay used for ceramics 800C - 1,100C

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Stoneware

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A type of clay for ceramics and is fired at a higher temperature at 1,200 C - 1,100 C

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Porcelain

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a type of ceramics fired 1,350C-1,500C

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Throwing

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Shaping clay on a rapidly revolving wheel

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Slip

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Clay thinned to a cream used to paint on earthware or stoneware

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Glaze

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Liquid paint with a silica base made for clay

Ex: Betty Woodman --- Divided Vases

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Fine art vs Functional Craft

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"fine art" refers to an art form practised mainly for its aesthetic value and its beauty ("art for art's sake") rather than its functional value.

Functional art is something which is both beautiful and useful

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Glass

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Decorative objects made of usually handblown glass.

Ex: Dale Chihuly --- Mauve Seaform Set with with Black Lip Wraps

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Metal

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any of a class of elementary substances, as gold,silver, or copper, all of which are crystalline when solid and many of which are characterized by opacity, ductility, conductivity, and a unique luster when freshly fractured.

Ex: The d'Arenberg Basin

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Wood

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Handmade art using trees

Ex: Henry Gilpin---Curiously Red

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Fiber

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Processes as weaving, stitching, basketmaking, surface design all made by hand

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Off loom

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Fiber work made without a loom

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Warp

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Long fibers which determine the length of the piece

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Weft

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Weaved fibers at right angles

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Tapestries

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A traditional type of weaving in which carefully trimmed and dyed weft threads are pulled through stable warps to create patterns or pictures

Ex: Lara Baladi - Sandouk el Dounia

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Quilting

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an art form that uses both modern and traditional quilting techniques to create artobjects

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Architecture

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the art or practice of designing and constructing buildings

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Form

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The visual elements of a work of art that creates meaning

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Structure

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mode of building, construction, or organization;arrangement of parts, elements, or constituents:

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Post and Beam/Post and Lintel

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A structural system system that uses two or more uprights or posts to support a horizontal beam that spans the space between them

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Traditional Materials

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Wood, Stone, and Brick

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Masonry

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building technique in which stones or bricks are laid atop one another in a pattern

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Dry Masonry

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a stone wall made with stones fitted together without mortar

Ex: Great Zimbabwe

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Dressed Stone

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Stones cut or shaped before use

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Colonnade

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A row of columns spanned, or connected, by beams

Ex: Colonnade and Court of Amenhotep

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Parthenon

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the temple of Athena Parthenos on the Acropolis at Athens

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Keystone

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The finals stone that is set in place at the top

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Vault

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Tunnel like structure

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Reinforced concrete

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1.

concrete in which wire mesh or steel bars are embedded to increase its tensile strength.

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Concrete

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Mixture of water, sand, and a binder used to build on a massive scale

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Aqueduct

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an artificial channel for conveying water, typically in the form of a bridge supported by tall columns across a valley

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Dome

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An arch rotated 180 Degrees on its vertical axis

Ex: Hagia Sophia

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Pendentives

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Curving triangular sections

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Minaret

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Towers used as a mosque

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Gothic/pointed arch

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Steeper than a round arch and sends its weight directly downward

Ex: Gothic Arch

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Nave

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The tall central space of a church or cathedral, usually flanked by side aisles

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Buttresses

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Supports at right angles to the outer walls

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Flying buttresses

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half arches

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Trusses

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A triangular framework used to span or to support

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Balloon Frame

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a wooden building frame composed of machine-sawed scantlings fastened with nails, having studs rising the full height of the frame with the joists nailed to the studs and supported by sills or by ribbons let into the studs.

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Cast Iron

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a hard, relatively brittle alloy of iron and carbon that can be readily cast in a mold and contains a higher proportion of carbon than steel

Ex: Joesph Paxton---Crystal Palace

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Skyscraper

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a very tall building of many stories.

Ex: Louis Sullivan---Wainwright Building

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International Style

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Buildings only using modern materials such as concrete, glass, steel

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Domino Construction System

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System of building construction introduced by the architect Le Corbusier in which reinforced concrete floor slabs are floated on six freestanding posts placed as if at the positions of the six dots on a domino playing piece

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Bauhaus

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art movement is a school of art, architecture and design characterized by geometric design, respect for practical material, and its severely economic sensibilities.

Ex: Walter Gropius----Bauhaus Building

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Curtain Walls

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Walls that didn't have to carry any weight such as glass walls

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Art Deco

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A more decorative international style building

Ex: Edward F. Sibbert----Kress Building

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Suspension

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something on or by which something else is suspended or hung.

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Designing with nature

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Building in relation to its environment

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Cantilever

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a long projecting beam or girder fixed at only one end, used chiefly in bridge construction.

Ex: Frank Lloyd Wright----Fallingwater( Edgar Kaufmann Residence)