Art & Architecture

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Abstract expressionism

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(1940-50s) American art movement stressing spontaneous, nonrepresentational creation with emphasis on the paint itself; first truly American school of art (Pollack)

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Art deco

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(1920-30s) movement stressing highly decorative art, utilizing geometric streamlined forms inspired by industrial design (Chrysler Building)

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Art nouveau

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(1895-1905) “new art” movement characterized by motifs of highly stylized flowing plants, curvy lines, fluent forms

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Ashcan school

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American realist painters who abandoned idealized subjects for more sordid aspects of urban life

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Audobon, John James

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American artist and illustrator known for his color engravings of birds (Birds of America)

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Barbizon school

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Group of landscape artists who rejected classic/romantic to portray nature as they perceived it; forerunner of Impressionism

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baroque

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Movement developed in Italy, that stressed grand theatrical effects and elaborate ornamentation (Palace of Versailles)

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Bauhaus

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Most famous school of architecture and design; founded in Germany; austere, geometric style

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Beaux arts

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Architectural style, popular from 1890-1920, used formal and classical techniques

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Bosch, Hieronymus

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16th century painter considered perhaps the greatest master of fantasy ever (Garden of Earthly Delights)

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Botticelli, Sandro

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15th century Italian Renaissance artist (Birth of Venus, St. Sebastian)

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Brancusi, Constantin

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19th-20th century Romanian sculptor known for highly simplified archetypical human and animal forms (The Kiss, Bird In Space)

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Brueghel, Pieter (the Elder)

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16th century Flemish painter known for peasant scenes and large landscapes

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Byzantine art

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Eastern (Greek) art of the 5th-15th centuries, characterized by Oriental motifs, formal design, and free use of gilding.

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Caldecott, Randolph

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19th century English illustrator known for his illustrations of children’s books. An award is named after him.

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Calder, Alexander

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20th century American sculptor and abstract painter best known for mobiles and stabiles

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Cellini, Benvenuto

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16th century Florentine sculptor, goldsmith, and designer of coins and medals

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Cézanne, Paul

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19th century French painter, forerunner of many 20th century movements; impressionist, classical, and naturalistic influences

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Chagall, Marc

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20th century French painter of Russian-Jewish origin, forerunner of surrealism

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chiaroscuro

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The balance of light and shadow in a picture; used to describe works that are predominantly dark, like those of Rembrandt.

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classicism

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Art attributed to Ancient Greece and Rome, characterized by discipline, harmony, objectivity, and reason.

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cloisonné

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Process of enameling in which a design is displayed in strips of metal on a china or metal background making channels to hold the colors.

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Cole, Thomas

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19th century American landscape painter

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collage

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A picture built up wholly or partly from pieces of paper, cloth, or other material stuck on canvas or other surface

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Constable, John

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19th century English landscape painter

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constructivism

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Movement (since 1920s) involving the creation of 3-D art to express technological society.

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Copley, John Singleton

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18th century American portrait painter

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cubism

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Art movement, mainly French, characterized by fragmentation of reality; a reaction to Impressionism; used geometric forms

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Currier, Nathaniel T. & Ives, James Merrit

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19th century American lithographers known for prints depicting American life.

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dada

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International anti-art movement reflecting cynicism by producing bizarre works that represented the absurd.

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Dali, Salvador

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20th century Spanish painter, considered one of the foremost surrealist.

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Daumier, Honoré

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19th century French lithographer, cartoonist, and social satirist.

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Degas, Edgar

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Late 19th-20th French century painter

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de Kooning, Willem

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20th century Dutch abstract painter known for distorted shapes and tragic expressions.

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Delacroix, Eugéne

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19th century French painter of the Romantic period

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Donatello

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15th century Florentine sculptor; founders of Italian Renaissance sculpture

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futurism

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Italian art movement that stressed motion and sought to glorify the machine by painting and sculpting multitudes of moving parts

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Gainsborough, Thomas

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English painter of landscapes and portraits

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Dürer, Albrecht

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German artist known for his woodcuts and engravings.

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engraving

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A method of multiplying prints

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Ernst, Max

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German-born French artist; a leading surrealist and one of the founders of dada

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expressionism

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20th century art in which THE ARTIST takes precedence over rational and faithful rendering over the subject matter; stress on emotions and inner vision (van Gogh)

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fauvism

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Work of early 20th century impressionists; characterized by strident color and distortion

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Fayum portrait

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Realistic form of portraiture found on shrouds and mummy cases from the 1-4th centuries

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fresco

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Wall painting on wet plaster

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frieze

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Middle section of a building; where relief sculpture was often executed.

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Fuller, Buckminster

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20th century American avant-garde architect famous for geodesic domes

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gargoyle

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Gothic architecture, bizarre creature whose mouth was open as a gutter to carry water away from walls.

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Gauguin, Paul

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19th century French painter known for his depiction of simple life in Tahiti.

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glazing

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Process of applying a transparent layer of oil paint over a solid one to gently modify the first layer.

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impasto

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Thick application of pigment to canvas

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Gothic

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Style of architecture typical of Northern Europe

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Goya, Francisco José de

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Spanish painter and printmaker

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Greco, El

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Greek painter who lived and worked in Spain

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Hogarth, William

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18th century English artist

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Holbein, Hans (the Younger)

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16th century German Renaissance painter

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holograph

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Image in 3-D created by a laser passing through a photographic film or plate without a camera.

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Homer, Winslow

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Late 19th century American painter and illustrator; Civil War illustrations.

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Hopper, Edward

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20th century American artist known for his bleak, surreal scenes depicting city life and ennui of workers.

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Hudson River school

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Mid-19th century American school of landscape painting known for its romantic scenes glorifying nature

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impressionism

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Late 19th century French school that stressed visual impression; first modern art movement

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intaglio

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Engraving of stone to achieve a concave effect

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Johns, Jasper

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20th century American pop artist for blown-up images

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Kandinsky, Wassily

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Late 19th-20th century Russian-born German artist, one of the founders of the abstract movement. Known for kinetic lines

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kinetic art

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Art that moves through magnets, motorized parts, etc.

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Klee, Paul

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Late 19-20th century Swiss painter and etcher known for his whimsical work to portray reality through its inner nature

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Leonardo da Vinci

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Late 15-16th century Italian artist and scientist; most versatile genius of Renaissance

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lithography

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method of printing that used wax and ink on hard plates

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luminism

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American art movement associated with Impressionism, concerned with the effect of light

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Maillol, Aristide

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Late 19th-20th century French painter and sculptor

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Manet, Edouard

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18th century French painter who contributed to Impressionism, even though he was not a member.

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mannerism

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School of art and architecture characterized by the exotic and confusing and the distortion of the human form

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Matisse, Henri

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French artist known for his still-life subjects; member of the fauve group

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Michelangelo, Bounarotti

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Italian sculptor, painter, architect, and poet who embodied the Renaissance

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Mies van der Rohe, Ludwig

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German American architect known for clean-line skyscrapers of glass/metal and steel framed furniture

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minimal art

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Contemporary art movement that rejects emotional expression and stresses restraint, understatement, and precision

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Miró, Joan

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Spanish surrealist painter known for depicting fantasies.

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mobile

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Kinetic sculpture consisting of shapes cut from different materials and hung at different levels

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modern art

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Art that has extricated itself from the subject matter and stresses form

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Modigliani, Amedeo

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Italian sculptor and painter known for sad, elongated faces.

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Mondrian, Piet

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Dutch abstract painter known for his geometric shapes

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Monet, Claude

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French painter, leader of Impressionism; known for seeing nature with an “objective eye” (Water Lily paintings)

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montage

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Sticking one layer over another, cubists

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Moore, Henry

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British sculptor known for large-scale abstract works and “truth to materials” doctrine

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Moses, Anna Mary (Grandma)

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American painter known for her simple depictions of New England life and landscapes

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Murillo, Bartolomé Estebon

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17th century Spanish painter

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Nast, Thomas

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American illustrator and cartoonist known for depictions of Tweed ring and Tammany Hall

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naturalism

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Late 19th century art movement that tried to depict humans and society true to life/precise detail

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neoclassicism

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Rejection of rococo and a return to classical style (restraint and balance)

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O’Keefe, Georgia

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20th century American painter known for large New Mexican landscapes

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pop art

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American art movement derived from pop culture, art culled from everyday life

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pastiche

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Piece of art created in the style of a particular artist or movement but not faked

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Picasso, Pablo

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Spanish; one of foremost artists of 20th century. Went from Blue Period paintings to Rose period to cubism to surrealism.

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pointillism

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Art form in which tiny dots of paint, when viewed from a distance, take on the shape of objects

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Pollack, Jackson

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American painter of the abstract expressionist school known for his large canvases to create subconscious reality.

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Raphael

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Italian painter considered one of the creators of the Renaissance

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realism

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Art form that attempts to search for the squalid and depressing with strict attention to detail.

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Relief sculpture

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Sculpture that is not free standing; it has a background resembling a painting

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Rembrandt, Harmensz

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17th century Dutch painter best known for his portraits but also did landscapes, Biblical subjects, and etchings.

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Remington, Frederic

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19th century American painter, illustrator, and sculptor known for romantic scenes of the American Old West

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Renoir, Pierre-Auguste

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French painter; founder of Impressionism.

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Reynolds, Sir Joshua

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18th century British portrait painter

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rococo

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European art that glorified asymmetrical ornamentation to display love of gaiety and elegance

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Rockwell, Norman

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20th century painter know for paintings of idyllic American life

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Rodin, Auguste

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Most famous sculptor of late 19th century

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romanticism

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Stressed the importance of fantasy and imagination over reason and order

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Rothko, Mark

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20th century Russian born American abstract expressionist painter known for canvases of irregular shapes and bands of color

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Rouault, Georges

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Late 19th-20th century French expressionist painter

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Rousseau, Henri

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19th century French painter, one of the foremost primitive artists of the modern age

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Rubens, Peter Paul

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Flemish baroque painter, the most famous artist of Northern Europe in his day (Late 16-17th century)

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Sargent, John Singer

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Late 19th-20th American portrait painter

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serial art

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The repetition, possibly with slight variation, of a particular image in a work of art

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serigraphy

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Silk screen painting

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Seurat, Georges

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19th century artist who introduced pointillism

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sfumato

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Technique in which tone is blended into another without an abrupt outline

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still life

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Depiction of inanimate objects

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surrealism

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Art form that seeks to reveal psychological reality behind appearances; stresses dreams, fantasies, and subconscious.

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symbolism

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Art that sought to depict the world through the visionary eye of dreams and illusions.

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Titian

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16th century Italian artist, one of the greatest masters of the Renaissance

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Toulouse-Lautrec, Henri de

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French artist influenced by the impressionists

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triptych

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3 panels, joined by hinges so two wings can over the larger central panel

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Turner, Joseph Mallord William

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British landscape artist

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Utrillo, Maurice

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Late 19th-20th century French painter

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van Dyck, Sir Anthony

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Flemish painter

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van Eyck, Jan

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Flemish painter known for his perfection of the oil medium.

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Van Gogh, Vincent

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Dutch postimpressionist painter

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Velasquez, Diego

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17th century Spanish painter

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Vermeer, Jan

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17th century Dutch painter known for his domestic scenes

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vignette

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Decoration, of often leaves, adorning first letter of chapter of a book

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Vuillard, Edouard

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Late 19th-20th century French post-impressionist painter

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Warhol, Andy

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20th century American pop artist

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Whistler, James Abbott McNeill

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19th century American painter and etcher

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Wood, Grant

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American regionalist painter famous for midwestern American themes

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Wren, Sir Christopher

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English architect known for reconstruction of St. Paul’s cathedral

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Wright, Frank Lloyd

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American architect known for “organic architecture”

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Wyeth, Andrew

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American painter known for depictions of Chadds Ford, PA and Maine fishing village

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abstract art

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art form that assumes that artistic values reside in form and color independent of subject