.art Appreciation Test #1

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Vocabulary Ch. 2
Line

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Is defined as a moving dot. The simplest and most complex of the elements of art, and serves as a basic building block around which an art form is constructed. Can define shape.

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***Shape

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An area within a composition that has boundaries that separate it from its surroundings. (What forms a shape? lines that connect and intersect)

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Value

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The lightness or darkness of a color.

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***Texture

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The surface character of materials as experienced by the sense of touch.

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Visual elements

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Elements, such as line, shape, color, and texture, that are used by artists to create imagery (also termed plastic elements)

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Plastic elements

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Those elements of a work of art, such as line, shape, color, and texture, that artists manipulate to achieve desired effects.

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Measure

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Extent, dimensions, or capacity as determined by a standard. (Its length and width.)

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***Design

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The combination of the visual elements of art according to such principles as balance and unity. (Know Definition)

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***Form

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The totality of what the viewer sees in a work of art; a product of the composition of visual elements. (Know Form and Volume, especially when pertaining to 3D artwork (sculpture) on test)

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Moving dot

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A line is made up of "moving dots".

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Contour line

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A perceived line that marks the edge of a figure as it curves back into space. (Created by the edges of things, and are perceived when 3-D shapes curve back into space, edges are perceived because the objects differ from the backgrounds in value (lighter versus darker), texture, or color.)

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Actual line

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The path made by a moving point; a connected and continuous series of points. Contrast with implied line. (The points are connected and continuous)

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Implied line

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A line that is completed by the viewer; a discontinuous line that the viewer perceives as being continuous; a line suggested by series of points or dots or by the nearby end-points of series of lines; or a line evoked by the movements and glances of the figures in a composition. Contrast with actual line.

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Psychological line

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A connection between 2 points in a composition created by the action in a work, such as a figure pointing to an object or looking at another figure. Also referred to as a compositional line.

(A mental or perceptual connection, often used in art by a figure pointing at something or looking a certain direction.)

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***Modeling

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In 2-dimensional works of art, the creation of the illusion of depth through the use of light and shade (chiaroscuro).

In sculpture, the process of shaping a pliable material, such as clay or wax, into a 3-dimensional form. (The creation of the illusion of roundness or 3-D through the use of light and shadow.) (Know light/dark of chiaroscuro)

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Shape

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An area within a composition that has boundaries that separate it from its surroundings, shape makes these areas distinct.

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***Positive shape

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The spatial form defined by the objects or figures represented in works of art. Contrast with negative shape. (Know difference between Positive and Negative Shape)

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***Negative shape

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Space that is empty or filled with imagery that is secondary to the main objects or figures depicted in the composition. Contrast with positive shape.

(What is considered background in art? Negative Shape)

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Figure and ground relationship

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The relationship between the primary subject (figure) and other parts of the composition (ground or background).

(Positive and negative shapes in a work of art.)

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***Figure-ground reversal

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A shift in a viewer's perception of a composition in which what at one moment appears to be the figure becomes the ground (or background), and vice versa.

(The piece of art "A Rubin Vase", which is 2 faces looking at each other, but also a vase.)

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***Chiaroscuro

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An artistic technique in which subtle gradations of value create the illusion of rounded 3-D forms in space; also termed modeling (from Italian for "light-dark").

(Pattern of values, or the gradual shifting from light to dark through a successive gradation of tones across a curved surface.)

(Know the light/dark aspect of this)

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Hue

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Color; the distinctive characteristics of a color that enable us to label it (as blue or green, for example) and to assign it a place in the visible spectrum.

(Simply another name for color.)

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Saturation

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The degree of purity of hue measured by its intensity or brightness.

(Its pureness of a color.)

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Shade

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The degree of darkness of a color determined by the extent of its mixture with black. (Adding black.)

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Tint

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The lightness of a color as determined by the extent of its mixture with white. (Adding white.)

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***Complementary colors

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One of a specific pair of colors (red and green) that most enhance one another by their contrast. Each pair of complementary colors contains one primary color plus the secondary color made by mixing the other two primaries. Because the complements do not share characteristics of hue and are as unlike as possible, the eye readily tells them apart.

(Colors that lie across from one another on the color wheel, or opposite on color wheel.)

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Additive color

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Mixing lights.

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Subtractive color

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Mixing pigments rather than light.

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Achromatic

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Without color.

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Neutrals

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"Colors" (black, white, and gray) that do not contribute to the hue of other colors with which they are mixed.

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Primary colors

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A hue-red, blue, or yellow-that is not obtained by mixing other hues; all other colors are derived from primary colors.

(These colors cannot be derived from the mixing of other colored light.)

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Secondary colors

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A color that is derived from mixing pigments of primary colors in equal amounts. The secondary colors are orange (red and yellow), violet (red and blue), and green (blue and yellow).

(When overlapped, they form lighter colors.)

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Tertiary colors

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Colors derived from mixing pigments or primary colors and the secondary colors that adjoin them on the color wheel.

(Denoted by a 3 on the color wheel.)

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Trompe l’oeil

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A painting or other art form that creates such a realistic image that the viewer may wonder whether it is real or an illusion (from French for "fool the eye").

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***Overlapping

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When nearby objects are placed in front of more distant objects, they obscure part or all of the distant objects (overlapping objects).

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***Linear perspective

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A system of organizing space in 2-D media in which lines that are in reality parallel and horizontal are represented as converging diagonals. The method is based on foreshortening, in which the space between the lines grows smaller until it disappears, just as objects appear to grow smaller as they become more distant.

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One-point perspective

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Linear perspective in which a single vanishing point is placed on the horizon. (Parallel lines converge at a single vanishing point on the horizon.)

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Two-point perspective

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Linear perspective in which two vanishing points are placed on the horizon line. (2 sets of parallel lines converge at separate vanishing points on the horizon.)

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***Kinetic art

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Art that moves, such as the mobile.

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***Mobile

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A type of kinetic sculpture that moves in response to air currents.

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***2) Understand the characteristics of line.

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The measure of a line is its length and its width, a line is a series of moving dots.

Lines may be perceived as delicate, tentative, elegant, assertive, forceful, or even brutal. There are an infinite amount of types of lines, as they can be infinitely long, or infinite in number, but they can be straight or curved, vertical, horizontal, diagonal, zigzag, or wavy, and many more. There are contour lines, actual lines, implied lines, psychological lines, as a few examples.

(Diagonal Line - sloped or slanted line.)

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***4) Understand value and color.

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Its degree of lightness or darkness. If we wrap the colors of the spectrum around in to a circle, we create a color wheel.

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***6) What does David Smith’s sculptures look like?

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Geometric Shapes

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8) What are figure-ground relationships?

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Positive and negative shapes, the part or parts of the work that are seen as what the artist intended to depict are the figure, and the other parts are seen as the ground, or background.

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***11) What is chiaroscuro?

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A pattern of values is the gradual shifting from light to dark through a successive gradation of tones across a curved surface, by which artists can portray objects on a flat surface as a rounded, 3-D appearance. (Light/Dark)

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***13) Review balance.

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Refers to the distribution of weight - of the actual or apparent weight of the elements of a composition.

Artists use it to control the distribution or emphasis of elements such as line or shape or color in a composition. Balance comes in many forms such as actual balance, pictoral balance, and symmetrical balance using symmetry. We have symmetrical and asymmetrical balance, bilateral symmetry, horizontal balance, verticle balance, diagonal balance, radial balance, and imbalance.

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***14) Scale and proportion…look at Magritte’s work and the Greeks!

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Scale - the relative size of an object compared with others of its kind, its setting, or human dimensions.

Proportion - the comparative relationship, or ratio, of things to one another.

It is impossible for the viewer to comprehend the dimensions of any of the objects within the work because their familiar size relationships are subverted

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Enamel and gesso on paper 22-3/4" X 31"

(What kind of lines are used in this piece of art?)

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***1) 2-2 Jackson Pollack, Number 14: Gray , 1948

(What kind of lines are used in this piece of art? They are well rounded and human, as if a human was weaving elegantly through the complexities of thought and life.)

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Gelatin silver print 6-1/2" X 9-3/16"

(What kind of line are the edges?)

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***2) 2-3 Edward Weston, Kness, 1927

(What kind of line are the edges? Contour Line, created by the subtle differences in value of light/dark.)

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Oil on canvass 34" X 44"

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3) 2-7 Emily Mary Osborn, Nameless and Friendless, 1834-?

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Polished stainless steel 9' 7-3/4" X 5' X 1' 9-3/4"

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***4) 2-18 David Smith, Cubi XVIII, 1964 (Know that this is made of metal)

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Oil on canvas 8' X 7' 8"

(What inspired this painting?)

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***5) 2-20 Pablo Picasso, Les Demoiselles d’Avignon, 1907

(What inspired this painting? He had been studying the work of African and Iberian artists in Parisian museums and galleries. He was struck by the universality of the masks, believing that they crossed time and culture. He used cubism (geometricizes organic forms.))

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Acrylic on canvas

(What inspired this piece?)

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***6) 2-23 Helen Frankenthaler, Bayside, 1967

(Know that the meaning of this piece is color)

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Encaustic on canvas, 75" X 50"

(What kind of psychological reversal is this?)

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***7) 2-27 Jasper Johns, Spring, 1986

(What kind of psychological reversal? Figure-Ground Reversal)

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Oil on canvas 27-1/2" X 35"

(Why did Van Gogh use the colors he used in this?)

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***8) 2-47 Vincent Van Gogh, Night Cafe, 1888

(Why did Van Gogh use the colors he used? he was uncomfortable, the reds show anger, very somber look for a place usually filled with happiness.)

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Ceramic 10" X 6" X 7"

(What type of art is this?)

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***9) 2-53 David Gilhooly, Chocolate Moose, 1989

(What type of art? Trompe l'oeil)

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Oil on cotton duck on aluminum honeycomb panel 66-1/8" X 72"

(What kind of lines are used in this?)

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***10) 3-3 Thomas Hart Benton, Palisades, 1919-24

(What kind of lines are used in this? Curved Lines)

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Roman copy after bronze Greek original, Marble, 6' 6"

(What did he contribute to art?)

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***11) 3-7 Polykleitos, Doryphoros, 45-44- BCE.

(What did he contribute to art? Gave weight shift, balance)

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What type of balance is this?

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***12) 3-10 The United States Capitol Building

(What type of balance is the Captital Building? Symmetrical Balance) AND (What kind of balance does the Capital have? Bilateral Symmetry, 2-Sides)

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Gelatin silver print, September 5, 1936

(What kind of movement is this?)

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***13) 3-18 Robert Capa, Death of a Loyalist Soldier, 1936

(imbalance, movement, and tension; What kind of movement is this? Imbalance)

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Oil on canvas 63-7/8" X 45"

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***14) 3-23 Oskar Schlemmer, Bauhaus Stairway, 1932 (Movement and Rhythm)

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Interior view

(How was the rhythm created?)

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***15) 3-26 The Sanctuary of the Mosque at Cordoba, Spain, 786-987 CE

(How was the rhythm created? repetion of artist; The arches create rhythm.)

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Oil on canvas 31-5/8" X 39-1/2"

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***16) 3-29 Rene Magritte, Personal Values, 1952

(It is impossible for the viewer to comprehend the dimensions of any of the objects within the work because their familiar size relationships are subverted.)

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***17) 3-3 6 The east façade of the Parthenon

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Chapter 3 Vocabulary:

***Golden Mean

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The principle that a small part of a work should relate to a larger part of the work in proportion to the manner in which the larger part relates to the whole.

(Also referred to as Golden Section, was created in order to have ideal proportions in architecture. It requires that a small part of a work should relate to a larger part of the work as the larger part relates to the whole, and is what the Golden Rectangle is based on.)

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Golden Section

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Developed in ancient Greece, a mathematical formula for determining the proportional relationship of the parts of a work to the whole.

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Golden Rectangle

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A rectangle based on the golden mean and constructed so that its width is 1.618 times its height.

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***Root Five Rectangle

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A rectangle whose length is 2.236 (the square root of 5 times its width) that can be constructed by rotating the diagonal of a half square left and right.

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***Symmetry

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Similarity of form or arrangement on both sides of a dividing line.

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***Symmetrical Balance

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Balance in which imagery on one side of a composition is mirrored on the other side. Symmetrical balance can be pure, or it can be approximate, in which case the whole of the work has a symmetrical feeling but with slight variations that provide more visual interest than would a mirror image. Contrast with asymmetrical balance. (Is approximate, not necessarily exact.)

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***Asymmetrical Balance

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Balance in which the right and left sides of a composition contain different shapes, colors, textures, or other elements and yet are arranged or "weighted" so that the overall impression is one of balance. Contrast with symmetrical balance.

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***Horizontal Balance

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Balance in which the elements on the left and right sides of the composition seem to be about equal in number or visual emphasis.

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***Radial Balance

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Balance in which the design elements radiate from a center point. (Radiates out.)

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***Imbalance

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A characteristic of works of art in which the areas of the composition are unequal in actual weight or pictorial weight. (Is in Robert Capa's "Death of a Loyalist Soldier")

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***Focal Point

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A specific part of a work of art that seizes and holds the viewer's interest.

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***Rhythm

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The orderly repetition or progression of the visual elements in a work of art.

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***Scale

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The relative size of an object compared to other objects, the setting, or people. (Know difference between Scale and Proportion)

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***Hierarchical Scaling

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The use of relative size to indicate the comparative importance of the depicted objects or people. (People of importance are represented as larger; not done anymore)

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***Distortion of Scale

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Artists distort or even subvert the realistic scale of objects to challenge the viewer to look at the familiar in a new way. Sometimes they are interested in providing a new perspective on the forms of things; sometimes on the relationship between things.

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***Proportion

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The relationship of the size of the parts to the whole; the relationship of things to one another in terms of their size, quality or degree of emphasis. (Know difference between Scale and Proportion)

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***Unity

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The oneness or wholeness of a work of art.

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Diagonal Balance

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Artists employ this by establishing equal visual weight to either side of a pictorial space that is divided by means of a perceived diagonal.

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Radial Balance

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The design elements radiate from a center point, lines or shapes radiate from a central point and lead the viewer's eye in a circular pattern around the source, is found in jewelry, ceramics, basketry, stained glass, and other crafts.

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What kind of Lines are in the "Birth of Venus"?

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ALL TYPES

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Cultural Icon?

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Wasn't able to find anything about this in the book.

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Bilateral Symmetry

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Bilateral Symmetry - everything in a composition to either side of an actual or imaginary line is the same.

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Brightness

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Brightness Gradient - is due to the lesser intensity of distant objects.

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Focal Points can be created by using?

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Artists use the design principle of emphasis to focus the viewer's attention on one or more parts of a composition by accentuating certain shapes, intensifying value or color, featuring directional lines, or strategically placing the objects and images.

Emphasis can be used to create focal points or specific parts of the work that seize and hold the viewer's interest.

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Where do you find Radial Balance in?

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Jewelry, ceramics, basketry, stained glass, and other crafts.