Arrt Section 4: Imaging Procedures, Extremities

Front 1

Small bones found in tendons are termed __________.

Back 1

Sesamoid

Front 2

The shaft of a long bone is mostly made of __________ type tissue, while the extremities of long bones are typically made of __________ tissue.

Back 2

Compact/cortical

Spongy/cancellous

Front 3

The hollow central portion of a long bone is termed the __________ and is filled with __________.

Back 3

Medullary cavity

Bone marrow

Front 4

What are at least two examples of flat bones?

Back 4

Calvarium

Sternum

Ribs

Scapulae

Front 5

What are at least two examples of irregular bones?

Back 5

Facial bones

Vertebrae

Pelvis

Front 6

The membranous covering of a bone is termed __________.

Back 6

Periosteum

Front 7

The membranous covering of cartilage is termed __________.

Back 7

Perichondrium

Front 8

The type of cartilage found at the extremities of long bones and at their articulating surfaces is called __________.

Back 8

Hyaline cartilage

Front 9

The term used to describe secondary centers of ossification is _________; the term for primary ossification centers is _________.

Back 9

Epiphysis

Diaphysis

Front 10

What is the name of the somewhat wider portion of a long bone adjacent to the epiphyseal plate?

Back 10

Metaphysis

Front 11

Identify the labeled parts 1 through 12 seen in this image.

Back 11

1. Radial tuberosity

2. Neck of radius

3. Head of radius

4. Proximal radioulnar joint

5. Radius

6. Ulna

7. Base of 5th metacarpal

8. Lunate

9. Styloid process of ulna

10. Head of ulna

11. Scaphoid

12. Radial styloid process

Front 12

What is the most lateral carpal of the distal carpal row?

Back 12

Trapezium

Front 13

The radiocarpal joint is the articulation between the radius and which carpal?

Back 13

Scaphoid

Front 14

What articulation is formed by the ulnar notch and radial head?

Back 14

Proximal radioulnar articulation

Front 15

The lateral aspect of the distal humerus presents a raised smooth surface called the _________, which articulates with the superior surface of the __________.

Back 15

Capitulum

Radial head

Front 16

Tennis elbow is a painful condition that affect what bony area of the elbow?

Back 16

Lateral epicondyle

Sometimes radial head

Front 17

In which projection of the elbow should the coronoid process be viewed in profile?

Back 17

Internal oblique

Front 18

How and where should the CR enter for the PA projection of the hand?

Back 18

Perpendicular to the third MCPJ

Front 19

How and where should the CR enter for the AP projection of the shoulder?

Back 19

Perpendicular to 1" inferior to the coracoid process

Front 20

How and where should the CR enter for the PA projection of the second digit?

Back 20

Perpendicular to the second PIPJ

Front 21

Which projection on the digits will best demonstrate forward/backward fracture displacement?

Back 21

Lateral

Front 22

The common fracture located at the base of the first metacarpal is called a/an __________ fracture.

Back 22

Bennett fx

Front 23

The type of fracture common to the neck of the fourth or fifth metacarpal is the __________ fracture.

Back 23

Boxer

Front 24

A fracture of the distal radius characterized by anterior displacement of the fragments is termed a __________ fracture.

Back 24

Smith fx

Front 25

Identify the numbered structures in this image; what bone does number 3 articulate?

Back 25

1. DIPJ of second digit

2. Sesamoid bone

3. Base of first metacarpal

4. Head of 5th metacarpal

Trapezium

Front 26

The bones that form the palm of the hand are called the __________; that form the digits are called the __________.

Back 26

Metacarpals

Phalanges

Front 27

If the AP diameter of the concave carpal arrangment is diminished, the __________ nerve is impinged upon; this condition is called __________.

Back 27

Median nerve

Carpal tunnel syndrome

Front 28

What is the most commonly fractured carpal?

Back 28

Scaphoid

Front 29

The image seen here is a __________ projection of the elbow. Identify the labeled parts.

Back 29

AP internal oblique

1. Medial epicondyle

2. Trochlea

3. Coronoid process

Front 30

Fracture of the distal radius, accompanied by posterior displacement and fracture of the ulnar styloid process, is typical of what type of fracture?

Back 30

Colles fx

Front 31

The __________ portion of the radius and ulna are superimposed when the hand is __________.

Back 31

Proximal

Pronated

Front 32

What elbow fat pad, usually unseen in normal and accurately positioned lateral elbow, is often visible in the presence of pathology?

Back 32

Posterior fat pad

Front 33

What position will best demonstrate medial/lateral fracture displacement?

Back 33

AP

Front 34

What bones form the shoulder girdle?

Back 34

Two scapulae and clavicles

Front 35

What structure is composed of the supraspinatus, infraspinatus, teres minor, deltoid, and subscapularis muscles?

Back 35

Rotator cuff

Front 36

An oblique hand image demonstrates foreshortening of the digits in poor visibility of the interphalangeal joints how can this be corrected?

Back 36

Extend the fingers and make them parallel to the IR

Front 37

The PA wrist with ulnar deviation is to better demonstrate which carpal?

Back 37

Scaphoid

Front 38

Where should the CR enter for an AP projection of the first digit?

Back 38

Perpendicular to the first MCP

Front 39

Identify the labeled structures in this image.

Back 39

1. Olecranon fossa

2. Capitulum

3. Radial head

4. Coronoid process

Front 40

The PA projection of the hand provides a/an __________ projection of the first digit.

Back 40

Oblique

Front 41

The carpal canal, tangential inferosuperior, projection of the wrist requires a CR angulation of how many degrees and in what direction?

Back 41

25-30° to the long axis of the hand

Front 42

If a lateral projection of the forearm demonstrates epicondyles not super imposed how should that positioning be corrected?

Back 42

Place the humerus and forearm on the same plane

Front 43

When the elbow cannot be extended for an AP projection, what projections can be taken to demonstrate the required AP anatomy?

Back 43

AP with forearm parallel to the IR

AP with humerus parallel to the IR

Front 44

AP lateral oblique, external rotation, projection of the elbow should demonstrate what structure free of superimposition?

Back 44

Radial head

Front 45

Identify the labeled and atomic parts seen in this image.

Back 45

1. Clavicle

2. Head of humerus

3. Scapula

Front 46

The AP medial oblique, internal rotation, projection of the elbow should demonstrate what structure free of superimposition?

Back 46

Coronoid process

Front 47

Images made of the elbow in the lateral position with the hand in external rotation, lateral position, pronation, and internal rotation are done to demonstrate what structure?

Back 47

Radial head

Front 48

What is the long, curved process that extends laterally above the head of the humerus?

Back 48

Acromion process

Front 49

What is the only articulation between the upper extremity and thorax?

Back 49

Sternoclavicular joint

Front 50

Identify the labeled anatomic parts seen in this image.

Back 50

1. Clavicle

2. Acromion process

3. Greater tubercle

4. Glonoid fossa

5. Coracoid process

Front 51

A true AP projection of the shoulder is obtained in the __________ rotation position; the __________ should be seen in profile laterally.

Back 51

External

Greater tubercle

Front 52

How can you obtain a lateral projection of the humerus in the case of trauma?

Back 52

Transthoracic

Front 53

The inferosuperior axial projection of the shoulder requires that the arm be abducted 90° from the body and should be in the __________ rotation position.

Back 53

External

Front 54

The posterior oblique position, Grashey method, of the shoulder requires that the part be rotated so that the __________ of the affected side is parallel to the IR.

Back 54

Scapula

Front 55

Identify the numbered anatomical parts in the illustration seen here.

Back 55

1. Scapular notch

2. Coronoid process

3. Acromion process

4. Humerus

5. Axillary/lateral border

Front 56

An internal rotation projection of the shoulder should demonstrate the __________ in profile medially.

Back 56

Lesser tubercle

Front 57

In a Y-view, where is an anterior humeral dislocation seen?

Back 57

Beneath the coracoid process

Front 58

How are AC joints usually examined in order to demonstrate small separations?

Back 58

With and without weights

Front 59

In order to visualize a larger portion of the scapula in the AP projection, how should the arm be positioned?

Back 59

Abducted

Front 60

The vertebral and axillary borders should be superimposed in the __________ projection of the scapula.

Back 60

Lateral

Front 61

Which metatarsal has a large tuberosity, commonly subject to trauma?

Back 61

5th

Front 62

Which tarsal lies immediately anterior to the talus? To the calcaneus?

Back 62

Navicular

Cuboid

Front 63

Bones formed in tendons, often near articulations, are called __________.

Back 63

Sesamoids

Front 64

What bones form the ankle joint?

Back 64

Tibia

Fibula

Talus

Front 65

The lateral malleolus is the distal expanded end of which bone?

Back 65

Fibula

Front 66

What position best demonstrates visualization of the entire ankle mortise?

Back 66

15° internal oblique

Front 67

Osgood-Schlatter disease affects what bony part?

Back 67

Tibial tuberosity

Front 68

What positioning change(s) should be made to improve this image?

Back 68

Rotate posteriorly

Front 69

What are the names of the crescent-shaped fibrocartilage discs located on the tibial plateau?

Back 69

Lateral and medial menisci

Front 70

Which projection of the toes should demonstrate no overlapping of soft tissues?

Back 70

AP

Front 71

The dorsoplantar projection of the foot requires that the CR be directed how much, in what direction, and to what point?

Back 71

10° posteriorly to the base of the third metatarsal

Front 72

Cuboidal articulations and the sinus tarsi are well visualized in which projection of the foot?

Back 72

AP medial oblique

Front 73

Identify the numbered anatomical structures in this image.

Back 73

1. 1st MCPJ

2. Lateral cuneiform

3. Navicular

4. Base of 4th metatarsal

5. Cuboid

Front 74

The AP medial oblique projection of the foot requires what degree of obliquity?

Back 74

30°

Front 75

How should the foot be examined in order to demonstrate the longitudinal arches and ligament injuries?

Back 75

Weight-bearing

Front 76

The dorsoplantar axial projection of the calcaneus requires that the CR be directed how many degrees and in what direction to the plantar surface?

Back 76

40° caudad

Front 77

Where should the CR be directed for the AP projection of the ankle?

Back 77

Midway between the malleoli

Front 78

For the AP projection to demonstrate congenital clubfoot, Kite method, how should the foot be aligned on the IR?

Back 78

In its natural AP position; no attempt should be made to straighten the foot

Front 79

Identify the numbered anatomical structures in this image.

Back 79

1. Lateral femoral epicondyle

2. Head of fibula

3. Intercondylar eminence

4. Medial tibial condyle

Front 80

What is the relationship between the plantar surface and the IR in the plantodorsal axial projection of the calcaneus?

Back 80

Perpendicular

Front 81

The AP oblique, medial rotation, of the ankle requires what degree of obliquity?

Back 81

45°

Front 82

A 15° medial oblique ankle is performed to demonstrate the __________.

Back 82

Mortise

Front 83

In order to demonstrate both the ankle and knee joints on an examination of the lower leg, the IR is often placed __________ to the long axis of the lower leg.

Back 83

Diagonal

Front 84

An AP projection of the knee should be centered at what point?

Back 84

1/2" distal to the patellar apex

Front 85

Identify the numbered anatomical structures in this image.

Back 85

1. Scaphoid

2. Hamate

3. Triquetrum

4. Ulnar styloid process

Front 86

If the distance between the ASIS and tabletop is less than 19 cm, what tube angle should be employed for the AP projection of the knee?

Back 86

5° caudad

Front 87

What are two evaluation criteria for correct positioning of the lateral knee?

Back 87

Femoral condyles superimposed

Patellofemoral joint space open

Front 88

To evaluate knees for arthritis, it is recommended that they be imaged in the __________ position.

Back 88

Weight-bearing

Front 89

To visualize the proximal tibiofibular articulation, the AP knee should be obliqued how many degrees in which direction?

Back 89

45° medially

Front 90

The PA axial projection of the intercondyloid fossa requires that the CR be directed __________ to the long access of the tibia.

Back 90

Perpendicular

Front 91

The PA tangential projection (Hughston method; "sunrise") of the patella and the patellofemoral joint requires that the knee may be flexed about 50° and the CR directed how many degrees and in what direction?

Back 91

45° cephalad

Front 92

What image is usually made to determine pediatric bone age?

Back 92

PA (left) wrist and hand

Front 93

Long bone measurement examinations are usually performed to detect ___________.

Back 93

Limb length differences between left and right sides

Front 94

Punched-out radiolucent lesions are representative of the malignant condition called __________, and the x-ray examination most frequently requested to diagnose this condition is __________.

Back 94

Multiple myeloma

Skeletal/bone survey

Front 95

X-ray Imaging of bony articulations, and their soft tissue structures, using positive and/or negative contrast agents is termed __________.

Back 95

Arthrography

Front 96

Fluoroscopic and radiographic examination of the spinal cord and its meninges using positive contrast agents is termed __________.

Back 96

Myelography

Front 97

What is the type of fracture that vertebral bodies are subject to, especially in cases of osteoporosis?

Back 97

Compression fx

Front 98

What is the name of the final stage of healing/repair of a bone fracture?

Back 98

Remodeling

Front 99

The study/projection shown here is most likely performed for __________. Identify the part indicated as #1.

Back 99

Bone age study

Epiphyseal plate

Front 100

What is the type of bone fracture where bone appears shattered or broken into several fragments?

Back 100

Comminuted

Front 101

What is the type of fracture that can be common to the patella or cranium, radiating from a central point, and being star-shaped?

Back 101

Stellate

Front 102

What is the term used to describe movement of fractured ends of bones away from each other? Name the term used to describe the gap between fractured ends of bones.

Back 102

Displacement

Distraction

Front 103

A break in the bony cortex on one side of the shaft/body of a long bone, especially in children, is termed __________.

Back 103

Greenstick

Front 104

A small chip of bone that breaks away when a joint is dislocated, or when a tendon is pulled, is termed __________.

Back 104

Avulsion