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15 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
when can we expect arguments |
1. when asserting appears to require support 2. expected in the context of controversy or disagreement |
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three common functions of arguments |
1. advocates advancing or defending claims 2. efforts to persuade uncommitted individuals 3. search for solutions to problems |
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deductive arguments |
arguments that lead to necessary conclusions when their reasons are true |
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premises - |
reasons in a deductive argument |
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inductive arguments |
arguments whose reasons lead to probable conclusion |
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inductive leap |
a process in which the conclusion of an argument moves beyond its stated evidence |
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three primary tools for analyzing arguments |
scanning - standardizing diagramming |
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standardizing |
making each statement or implied statement in the argument a complete sentence, changing indefinite references like pronouns to the definite nouns, they represent, and placing reasons above conclusions they support. |
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scanning |
identifying and making the statements in an argument`
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diagramming |
mapping the argument, using only the letters assigned during scanning, and drawing lines from reasons to the conclusions they support |
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complementary reasons |
pairs of reasons that must work together to lend support to their conclusion |
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ways to identify complements |
1. one reason without the other will not provide a conclusion 2. the statements deal with the same idea; as revealed by a linguistic link - a repeated phrase or term that links statements to one another |
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intermediate conclusion |
a conclusion that is used as a reason |
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the toulmin model |
an argument that consists of a claim, data, and a warrant |
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backing |
foundational assumptions or presuppositions that support a warrant |