Are 4.0 Ppp Terms

Front 1

Turbine Square

Back 1

A pinwheel arrangement of streets with surrounding civic spaces

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Gridiron Street System

Back 2

Grid streets with regularly planned open spaces and street setbacks (Philly 1682, Svannah 1733)

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"New Town"

Back 3

City concept for an entirely new and independent town built away from others

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"New Urbanism"

Back 4

Counters: Sprawl, auto reliance, environmental deterioration, housing segregation, loss of farmland, single-use development (Seaside, FL: Andres Duany: Elizabeth Plater-Zyberk)

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Expanding Grid Pattern

Back 5

Formed at junction of two roads. Growth follows pattern until hitting natural feature, limiting population, or economics (Philly)

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Star Pattern

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Revolves around urban core, development follows radiating spokes of main highways or mass transit routes.

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Field Pattern

Back 7

No central focus or apparent overall organization scheme. Development is amorphous. (Los Angeles)

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Satellite Pattern

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Central urban core with other major cores surround it, all linked by major higways, often outer cores connected with a beltway. Typically stars as a Star Pattern (Houston)

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Megalopolis

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Two or more major urban centers near each other grow together. (NE US and Areas of Southern CA)

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Imageability

Back 10

quality of a phyiscal environ that gives it a high proobably of evoking a strong image (San Francisco hills)

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Nodes (per Kevin Lynch)

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Strategic center of interest that people can enter (plazas, transit hub, public square)

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Landmark (per Kevin Lynch)

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similar to nodes, but people cannot enter them (tower, monument, natural feature)

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Superblock

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minimizes impact of car on housing and allows development of pedestrian circulation and park space within block which is surrounded by streets

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Planned Unit Development (PUD)

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Each large parcel of land can have a mix of uses, but must conform to certain standards, and by approved by planning agency could elaborate

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Density

Back 15

number of people per unit area

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Sociopetal

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Buildings, rooms and furniture that encourage interaction

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Sociofugal

Back 17

Conditions which discourage social interaction.

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Territoriality

Back 18

boundaries which define personal space

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Intimate Personal Space

Back 19

physical contact to 6-18”

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Personal Distance

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18”-30” or more for some cultures. If given the choice, people will maintain this distance from others.

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Social Distance

Back 21

4-12’. Distance at which most impersonal interaction takes place between strangers in a formal setting.

Front 22

Public Distance

Back 22

12’ outward. Greatest amount of formality and allows people to escape if they sense physical danger from another person.

Front 23

Diversity

Back 23

The human animal needs diversity and a stimulating environment. Without diversity, people tend to become depressed, irritated or suffer other negative influence.

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Catchment Area

Back 24

A surrounding base of population within a geographical area. Boundaries are defined by physical features, political boundaries, city lines, school districts, or nebulous demarcations such as divisions between two ethnic communities.

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Neighborhood

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relatively small area in where people share similar needs and desires in housing, social activities, and other aspects of day-to-day living.

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Contour Lines

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Graphic representation to show elevations of land in plan view and are used to make a slope analysis to determine suitability of the land for various uses.

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Contour Interval

Back 27

Vertical distance between adjacent contour lines.

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Slope

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Vertical change in 100 ft. G= (d/L) x 100%, where d is the vertical change, and L is the distance between them.

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Runoff Coefficient

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The fraction of total precipitation that is not absorbed into the ground.

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Soil

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classified according to grain size and as either organic or inorganic.

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Gravel and Sand Constructability

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excellent for construction load and drainage and for sewage drain fields, but they are unsuitable for landscaping

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Gravel

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Soil with particles over 2mm in diameter

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Sands

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Soil with particles from 0.05-2mm in diameter, the finest grains just visible to the naked eye.

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Silt Constructability

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Stable when dry or damp but unstable when wet. Swells and heaves when frozen and compresses under load. Some nonplastic varieties are usable for light loads.

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Silt

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Soil with particles from 0.002-0.05mm in diameter. The grains are invisible but can be felt as smooth.

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Clay Constructability

Back 36

Expands when wet and is subject to slippage. Poor for foundations unless it can be kept dry. Poor for landscaping and unsuitable for drainage, including sewage.

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Clay

Back 37

Soil with particles under 0.002mm in diameter. smooth and floury when dry, plastic and sticky when wet.

Front 38

Peat (and organic materials)

Back 38

Excellent for landscaping but unsuitable for building foundations and road bases.

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Local Streets

Back 39

Low capacity, provide direct access to building sites. Continuous grid, curvilinear system, sul-de-sacs or loops.

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Collector Streets

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Connection to local streets (stop signs) and arterial streets (stop lights). Usually not intended for through traffic.

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Arterial Streets

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major, continuous circulation routes of two or three lanes. Usually connect expressways. Parking is typically not allowed. Connections to sites should be avoided.

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Expressways

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Limited access roads to move large volumes of traffic between, through and around population centers. Intersection by ramp. Peds not allowed.

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Tangents

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Straight sections of road.

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Vertical Alignment

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Design to provide a smooth transition between grade changes. Should not exceed 10%.

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Simple Curves

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min. of 100’ between curves in opposite direction, 200’ between curves in same direction. Multiple-radius curves to be avoided.

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Service Access

Back 46

Site access for truck loading, moving vans and daily delivery services. Generally 10-12’ wide and at least 40’ long with 14’ vertical clearance and min. turning radius of 60’.

Front 47

Macroclimate

Back 47

Overall weather of the region, data is available from National Weather Service, with classifications such as cool, temperate, hot-arid, hot-humid.

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Microclimate

Back 48

Site-specific modification of the regional weather by features such as land slope, trees, bodies of water, buildings.

Front 49

Wind Block

Back 49

Line of trees 50-150’ deep reduces wind velocity by 30-60% to a distance 10x height of trees, half that reduction to 20x height of trees.

Front 50

Best microclimate for wind in moderate climate

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S or SE facing slope in middle to top part of slope

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Albedo

Back 51

fraction of radiant energy received on a surface that is reflected - value from 0-1.0

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Albedo 0

Back 52

flat black

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Albedo 1.0

Back 53

mirror

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Conductivity

Back 54

Time rate of flow of heat through a material.

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Sustainable Building Design

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Strives to achieve a balance between the consumption of environmental resources and the renewal of those resources.

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Ecology

Back 56

The study of living organisms in relation to their environment.

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Environmental Impact Statement (EIS)

Back 57

Formal process to predict how a development will affect the environment – air, water, land, wildlife.

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Wetlands (Jurisdictional Wetlands)

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areas that are inundated or saturated by water at a frequency and duration sufficient to support a prevalence of vegetation typically adapted for life in saturated soil conditions.

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Bioswale

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Shallow grass-lined ditch or channel designed to detain storm runoff and remove sediments and other contaminants while allowing the water to seep into the ground.

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Infiltration Basin

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Closed depression in the earth from which water can escape only into the soil.

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Catch Basin

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An area that temporarily contains excessive runoff until it can flow at a controlled rate into the storm sewer system.

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Zoning

Back 62

Division of a city or other governmental unit into districts, and the regulation of the use of land and the location and bulk of buildings on property within those districts.

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Zoning Regulates

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Building use, lot coverage, massing, setbacks, parking & loading requirements

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Floor Area Ratio (FAR)

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Ratio of gross floor area within a structure to the area of the lot on which the structure is situated.

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Variance

Back 65

Deviation from zoning regulations when they cause an undue hardship. Requires public hearing.

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Conditional Use Permit

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Allows non-conforming use. Granted by zoning board or planning commission. Typically done when in the public interest.

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Support Easement

Back 67

for construction of a party wall between properties.

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Joint Use Easement

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Allows property owners to share common feature such as driveway.

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Restrictive Covenants

Back 69

Provision within deed that restricts use of the property by the buyer.

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Underdeveloped Land

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Property that is not developed to yield the highest return on investment.

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Market Approach Land Value

Back 71

Using comparable recently sold or properties on market to assess value.

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Income Approach Land Value

Back 72

Potential income – expenses (taxes, insurance, maintenance). Typically evaluated annually.

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Cost Approach Land Value

Back 73

Estimation of highest and best use. Land Value + building replacement or improvement cost – depreciation.

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Mill Levy

Back 74

1/1000th of a $, or 1/10th of a cent

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Assessed Value

Back 75

Assessed valuation (%) * (actual valuation)

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Yearly Tax

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(assessed value) * (mill levy)

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Life-Cycle Cost Analysis (LCC)

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evaluates the economic performance of a material or building system over the service life of the material or system. Costs are discounted to equivalent present day values, accounting for time value of money.

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Life-Cycle Assessment Analysis (LCA)

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Evaluates the environmental impacts from initial raw material extraction to final recycling, reuse, or disposal.

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Ad valorem tax

Back 79

Tax based on the value of property being taxed. Collected money is put into a general fund to be used by the collecting jurisdiction.

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Special Tax

Back 80

any tax imposed for a specific purpose or by a single-purpose authority. Requires special vote by people in district. Example is tax used for major transport project.

Front 81

General Obligations Bonds

Back 81

Issued by City or State and backed by general tax revenue and issuer’s credit. Used to finance acquisition or construction of specific public capital facilities and to purchase property. Requires approval by voters. Ex: schools, museums and libraries.

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Revenue Bonds (rate-supported bonds)

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local gov’t issues them to pay for facility or improvement. However, they are backed by revenue, or rates, from customers using service that bond funding pays for. City water and sewer often use this.

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Public enterprise revenue bonds

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issued by cities or counties to finance facilities for revenue-producing public enterprises. Bonds paid by revenue from facilities. i.e. airports, parking garages, hospitals.

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Tax-Increment Financing

Back 84

Cities use to pay for improvements based on increased taxes due to increased value of property. Tax increase hold until construction complete. Increased taxes go to pay of development bonds. Used for purchasing land, planning, public works to encourage private development. Vote by district citizens not required.

Front 85

Development Impact Fees

Back 85

costs charged to developers for off-site infrastructure improvements needed by new development. Makes developers responsible for costs necessitated by development. Can be controversial - how fee calc’d and who really benefits from improvements.

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Subdivision Exactions

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requires developer either dedicate land or contribute cash for purchase of land and facilities made necessary by local governments.

Front 87

Special Districts Assessments (Business Improvement Districts)

Back 87

used to fund public space improvements. A special district is created that will benefit from improvements. If majority of property owners agree, they share in cost. Not used to encourage private development.

Front 88

Electromagnetic Distance Measurement (EDM)

Back 88

measurement with laser-based instrument to measure distance, horizontal angle and vertical angle of the beam to a reflective prism target. Accurate to 1/64” in 1600’.

Front 89

Reflectorless Electromagnetic Distance Measurement (REDM)

Back 89

laser device w/o reflector, relies on bounced laser. Accurate to 1/8” in 100’.

Front 90

Rectified Photography

Back 90

Façade documentation using large-format film camera. Dimensions can be scaled off of the image.

Front 91

Orthophotography

Back 91

Façade documentation using digital camera. Dimensions can be scaled off of the image. Computer software used to correction optical distortion.

Front 92

Photogrammetry

Back 92

Surveying of objects or spaces through the use of photograph and associated software.

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Stereophotogrammetry

Back 93

uses two overlapping photographs in a computer program to produce a digital stereo image. Can be used to extract information for 3D drawing.

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Convergent Photogrammetry

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Uses multiple, oblique photographic images taken at different angles. Reference points are required and must be input into the computer analysis software.

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Laser Scanning

Back 95

Medium-range pulse laser beam which sweeps over an object or space to obtain “point cloud”. All info can be gathered from a single point.

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Preservation

Back 96

attempts to retain all historic fabric through conservation, maintenance, and repair. It is respectful of alterations made over time.

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Rehabilitation

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Emphasizes retention and repair of historic material, but gives more latitude to replacement because it assumes more deterioration prior to work.

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Restoration

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Focuses on the retention of materials from the most significant period of property’s history. Materials from other periods allowed for removal.

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Reconstruction

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Least historically accurate. Allows re-creation of a non-surviving site, landscape, building, structure, or object with new materials.

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Secretary of Interior’s Standards for Rehabilitation

Back 100

Codified in 36 CFR 67 - Ten general standards for rehabilitation, taking economic and technical feasibility into account.

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Abatement

Back 101

reduction in price of a property due to discovery of problem that decreases property’s value.

Front 102

Amortization

Back 102

the payment of a loan over the life of the loan using equal payments at equal intervals. Each payment applied to principle and interest.

Front 103

Assessed Value

Back 103

value given to piece of land by local jurisdiction, to be used to asses taxes on property. Percentage of actual value = open market value.

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Capital Expenditure

Back 104

an amount of money used to make physical improvements to a property to enhance property value over an extended period of time.

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Cash Flow

Back 105

money that is net income from a property after expenses are paid.

Front 106

Covenants, Conditions and Restrictions (CC&Rs)

Back 106

all rules that apply to a property owner in a subdivision, condominium, or cooperative housing facility.

Front 107

Conveyance

Back 107

the act of transferring an interest in a property to another person.

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Dedication

Back 108

The donation of a parcel of land by a developer for public use, such as for a park or school.

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Despoil

Back 109

to remove items of value from a site.

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Downzoning

Back 110

a change in zoning resulting in a decrease of allowable density

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Equity

Back 111

fair market value – property debts

Front 112

Ground Lease

Back 112

Long-term lease of a property that allows the tenant to use and improve the land, but that reverts to the owner at the end of the lease.

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Minimum Property Standards

Back 113

Minimum standards for residential building required by the Federal Housing Administration for construction or for underwriting a mortgage.

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Pad Site

Back 114

a separate location for development of retail space near a shopping center

Front 115

Pro Forma

Back 115

a financial projection for a development project mean to determine if the project is feasible, given estimate on potential income and development costs.

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Special Use Permit

Back 116

an exemption from zoning regulations given to a jurisdiction.

Front 117

Usury

Back 117

the illegal practice of charging exorbitant interest rates on a loan.

Front 118

Programming

Back 118

a process that seeks to analyze and define an architectural problem along with the requirements that must be met in its physical condition.

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Programming includes

Back 119

client goals and objectives, site analysis, aesthetic considerations, space needs, adjacency requirements, organizing concepts, outdoor space needs, codes, budget, and schedule

Front 120

Unassigned Areas

Back 120

general circulation, electrical and telephone rooms, wall and structural thicknesses

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Net Assignable Area

Back 121

Areas housing primary activities of the building

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Gross Building Area

Back 122

Net area plus unassigned area

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Net-to-gross ratio (efficiency)

Back 123

net area / unassigned area. Generally range from 60-80%

Front 124

Linear organizations

Back 124

series of spaces or building placed on a single line. Adaptable and easily expandable. Straight, bent or curved.

Front 125

Axial Plans

Back 125

Variation of linear system w/ two or more major linear segments. Secondary paths may grow out of primary paths.

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Grid Systems

Back 126

two sets of regularly spaced parallel lines. Appropriate for larger buildings and building complexes where a great deal of circulation is required.

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Central Organization

Back 127

Based on one space or point about which secondary elements are placed. Typically very formal. Often used in conjunction with axial or linear plans.

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Radial Organization

Back 128

Central focus and ability to extend outward or expand.

Front 129

Clustered Organization

Back 129

Loose composition related around a path, axis or central space, or simply a group. Informal. Adaptable for variety of sizes of spaces/buildings.

Front 130

Circulation Patterns

Back 130

primary ways of organizing spaces, building and groups of buildings. Provide strong orientation.

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Dumbbell (linear)

Back 131

Straight path that connects two major elements. Efficient.

Front 132

Doughnut (loop)

Back 132

very efficient with double-loaded circulation. Good for buildings that must be compact.

Front 133

Grid

Back 133

used for very large buildings where access to many spaces required.

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Radial

Back 134

oriented around one major space with paths extending from this central area. Requires large site and appropriate for large building/complexes. Each corridor must have exit if longer than 20’. Standard structural system difficult.

Front 135

Field Pattern

Back 135

network of paths with not strong direction. Orientation and using a standard structural system are difficult.

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Expansibility

Back 136

Capacity of a building to be easily enlarged or added onto with change or growth.

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Convertibility

Back 137

allows an existing building or space to be changed according to new use.

Front 138

Versatility

Back 138

Ability for same space to be used for a variety of uses.

Front 139

Proxemics

Back 139

Created by Edward T. Hall to describe the interrelated observation and theories of human’s use of space as a specialize elaboration of culture.

Front 140

Behavioral Setting

Back 140

particular space, with definable boundaries and objects with the place, in which a standard pattern of behavior occurs at a particular time. i.e. board of director’s meeting, classroom

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Territoriality

Back 141

need to lay claim to the spaces we occupy and things we own.

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Personalization

Back 142

manifestation of territoriality.

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Long-term debt

Back 143

debt service

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Four major programming considerations

Back 144

form, function, economy, time

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Character

Back 145

desired image client wants to project