Ardms: Abdomen/retroperitoneum

Front 1

the retroperitoneum is defined as?

Back 1

the space between the posterior portion of the parietal peritoneum and the posterior abdominal wall.

Front 2

what are the three categories oof the retroperitoneum?

Back 2

anterior pararenal, perirenal space and posterior pararenal space

Front 3

what does the perirenal space include?

Back 3

adrenals, kidney, ureter, great vessel

Front 4

what does the anterior pararenal space include?

Back 4

pancreas, duodenal sweep, ascending and transverse colon

Front 5

what does the posterior pararenal space include?

Back 5

blood and lymph nodes

Front 6

the iliac fossa includes?

Back 6

ureter, major branches of the great vessels and lymphatics

Front 7

the retrofascial space has three compartments they are?

Back 7

psoas, lumbar, iliacs

Front 8

the right adrenal is more what to the kidney?

Back 8

superior

Front 9

the left adrenal is more what to the kidney?

Back 9

medial

Front 10

the neonate adrenal gland is larger or smaller porportionally to an adults kidney?

Back 10

larger (1/3 the size of the kidney)
adults are 1/13 the size

Front 11

normal lymph nodes measure less than?

Back 11

1cm

Front 12

what are the two major lymph node bearing areas?

Back 12

iliac and hypogastric in the pelvis and the para-aortic in the upper peritoneum

Front 13

where does the pelvic retroperitneum lie?

Back 13

between the sacrum and the pubis and the peritoneal reflection and the pelvic diaphragm.

Front 14

what is the prevesical and rectovesical space?

Back 14

the space that spans from the pubis to the anterior margin of the bladder. the space between the bladder and rectum is the rectovesical space.

Front 15

what is the pre sacral space?

Back 15

it lies between the rectum and fascia covering the sacrum and posterior pelvic floor musculature.

Front 16

what is the vascular supply located in the retroperitoneum?

Back 16

aorta, ivc

Front 17

what are the two parts of the adrenal glands?

Back 17

cortex and medulla

Front 18

what are the hormones secreted by the cortex of the adrenal gland?

Back 18

mineralocorticoids: regulate electrolyte metabolism
glucocorticoids: carb metabolism
sex hormones: androgens and estrogens

Front 19

what is the cause of Addison's disease?

Back 19

hypo function of the adrenal cortex *bronzing of skin*

Front 20

what syndromes are produced from hyper function fo the adrenal cortex?

Back 20

cushings, conns adrnogenital syndrome

Front 21

what hormones are secreted by the medulla of the adrenal gland?

Back 21

epinephrine and norepinephrine

Front 22

what is a primary retroperitoneal tumor?

Back 22

one that originates independently within the retroperitoneal space. Primarily malignancies are more common than benign, but both are rare.

Front 23

what is the most common retroperitoneal tumor?

Back 23

lymphoma

Front 24

what is adrenogenital syndrome?

Back 24

the result of excessive secretion of the sex hormones and adrenal androgens. caused by an adrenal tumor or by hyperplasia. adrenal virilism

Front 25

what is conn's syndrome

Back 25

aka aldosteronism. caused by excessive secretion of aldosteronism due to a cortical adenoma.

Front 26

in conn's syndrome what is more common in males and females?

Back 26

hyperplasia or adrenal carcinoma in males and adrenal adenoma in females.

Front 27

what is cushing's syndrome?

Back 27

caused by excessive secretion on cortisol resulting from hyperplasia. symptoms include "buffalo hump", moon face, truncal obesity.

Front 28

what is water house-friderichsen syndrome?

Back 28

there is a fulminant bacterial sepsis, shock and necropsy with adrenal hemorrhage

Front 29

adrenal cysts

Back 29

produce no clinical symptoms when small. affect women more than men. are uncommon and normally unilateral. have a typical cystic pattern.

Front 30

what is the main reason for adrenal hemorrhage in adults?

Back 30

usually caused by severe trauma or infection. hemorrhages are more common in neonates that have a traumatic delivery. has a normal hemorrhagic appearance.

Front 31

what is an adrenal adenoma?

Back 31

a benign functioning adenoma that is the most common primary adrenal tumor. occurs more frequently in older patient with diabetes and hypertension.

Front 32

adrenal malignant tumors

Back 32

rare. may be hyper functional or nonfunctional. hyper functional are more common in females. Larger neoplasms tend to be nonfunctional.

Front 33

Metastasis to the adrenals

Back 33

fourth most common meets after the lung, liver and the bones. Mets usually causes adrenal insufficiency. Nonspecific appearance.

Front 34

what is a pheochromocytoma??

Back 34

located in the adrenal medulla which secretes epinephrine and norepinephrine in excessive quantities. tend to be malignant. associated with hypertension.

Front 35

what is an adrenal neuroblastoma

Back 35

the most common malignancy of the adrenal glands in childhood. well encapsulated tumor that displaces the kidney inferiorly. heterogeneously echogenic with poorly defined margins.

Front 36

what is the second most common PRT??

Back 36

leiomyosarcoma. originates in smooth muscle. presents as a large complex mass w/areas of necrosis.

Front 37

what are two kinds of leiomyosarcomas?

Back 37

fibrosarcomas and rhabdomyosarcomas

Front 38

Germ Cell Tumors

Back 38

can be malignant or benign. fourth most frequent site is the retroperitoneal. *include teratomas*

Front 39

what is a urinoma?

Back 39

a walled off collection of extravasated urine that develops spontaneously afte trauma, surgery or urinary obstruction

Front 40

what is retroperittoneal fibrosis?

Back 40

aka ormonds disease. thick sheets of fibrous tissue in the retroperitoneal cavity. they may encase and obstruct the ureters & IVC causing hydronephrosis.