Architectural History Exam Ii

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City Plan of Priene, Turkey, 4th cent. BC

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Paionios of Ephesos and Daphnis of Miletos
Temple of Apollo, Didyma, Turkey, 313 BC

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Altar of Zeus, Pergamon, Turkey, 175 BC

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Audience Hall of Darius and Xerxes, Persepolis, 500 BC

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Xerxes' Hall of Hundred Columns, Persepolis, 500 BC

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Necropolis of Banditaccia, Cerveteri, Italy, 7th/6th cent. BC

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Tomb of the Reliefs, Cerveteri, Italy, 3rd cent BC

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Model and Plan of an Etruscan Temple, 6th century

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Porta Augusta, Perugia, Italy, 300 BC

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Pont du Gard, Nimes, France, first century AD

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Maison Carrée, Nîmes, France, 16 BC

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Pompeii, Italy, founded sixth century BC; destroyed 79 AD

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Pompeii Forum, second century BC and later

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Pompeii Basilica, ca. 120 BC

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Pompeii Stabian and Forum Thermae (Baths), ca. 120 - 80 BC

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Pompeii Amphitheater, ca. 80 BC

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Diagram of typical Roman domus (private house)
1. fauces; 2. atruium; 3. impluvium; 4. cubiculum; 5. tablinum; 6. peristyle; 7. triclinium

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House of the Vettii, Pompeii, first century AD

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Model of an insula, in Ostia, Italy, second century AD

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Arch of Titus, Forum Romanum, Rome, after 81 AD

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Apollodorus of Damascus, arch., Trajan’s Forum, Rome

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Apollodorus of Damascus, arch., Basilica Ulpia, 98-117 AD

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Trajan’s Column, ca. 106-113 AD

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Apollodorus of Damascus, arch., Markets of Trajan, ca.100-112 AD

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Flavian Amphitheater (the “Colosseum”), Rome, 72-80 AD

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Pantheon, Rome, ca. 118-128 AD

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Caracalla Thermae, Rome, ca. 211-217 AD

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Hadrian’s Villa, Tivoli, Italy, 117-138 AD

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Reconstruction of the Christian community house, Dura-Europos, Syria, ca. 240-256 AD

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Mausoleum of Cecilia Metella, Via Appia, outside Rome, ca. 50 - 40 BC

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Catacombs of St. Callixtus, Rome, mid-second century AD

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Aula Palatina, at the Palace of Constantine, Trier, Germany, early fourth century

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Arch of Constantine, Rome, 312-15

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Old St. Peter’s, Vatican Hill, Rome, begun ca. 320

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agora

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the open meeting place or market place in an ancient Greek city

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ambulatory

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a semicircular or polygonal passageway around an apse

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amphitheater

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an elliptical or circular space surrounded by rising tiers of seats, as used by the Romans for gladiatorial contests; e.g., the Colosseum in Rome

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apse

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a vaulted semicircular or polygonal termination

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aqueduct

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an artificial channel for carrying water, usually an elevated masonry or brick structure supported on arches; invented by the Romans

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arcade

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a series of arches supported by piers or columns

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arch

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a curved structural member that spans an opening and is generally composed of wedge-shaped blocks (voussoirs) that transmit the downward pressure laterally

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arcuation

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having arches; a system of architecture dependent upon arches

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atrium

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the court of a Roman house that is partly open to the sky. Also, the open, colonnaded court in front of and attached to a Christian basilica

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baldacchino

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a canopy on four columns, frequently built over an altar. Also referred to as a ciborium

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baptistery

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in Christian architecture, the building used for baptism, usually situated next to a church

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barrel vault

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the simplest form of vault, consisting of a continuous vault of semicircular or pointed sections, unbroken in its length by cross vaults.; also known as a tunnel vault

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basilica

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in Roman architecture, a large meeting-hall used in public administration. Often Roman basilicas were oblong in form with aisles and galleries and an apse opposite the entrance (which may be on the long end or the short end)

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basilican-plan church

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in Christian architecture, a church somewhat resembling the Roman basilica, usually entered from one end and having an apse on the other.

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caldarium

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room with bath of hot water

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castrum

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Roman military camp, built on a common rectangular layout throughout the Empire. A
castrum was surrounded by a rampart and a wall with towers, and crossed by two main streets, running between four gates. The headquarters (praetorium) lay at their intersection

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catacombs

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subterranean networks of rock-cut galleries and chambers designed as cemeteries for the burial of the dead

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centering

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in arch construction, the temporary wooden framework used to hold construction material in place until a vault or arch is self-sustaining

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concrete

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artificial stone made by a mixture of specific proportions of cement, water, and aggregate, such as crushed stone and sand.

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cubiculum

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small bedroom

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dome

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a vault of even curvature erected on a circular base

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domus

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In ancient Rome, the domus was the type of house occupied by the upper classes and some wealthy freedmen during the Republican and Imperial eras

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forum

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in Roman architecture, a central open space, usually surrounded by public buildings and colonnades; corresponds to the Greek agora

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frigidarium

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room with bath of cold water

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groin vault

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a vault produced by by the intersection at right angles of two barrel vaults of identical shape

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hypocaust

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the underground chamber or duct of the Roman system of central heating, the floor being heated by the hot air circulating below

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impluvium

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sunken basin in atrium holding rainwater

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insula

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an ancient Roman apartment block

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keystone

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the central voussoir at the top of a completed arch

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Laborum (Chi-Rho)

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the monogram of Constantine; a symbol composed of the two first letters in Christ’s name in the Greek

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loculi

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openings in the walls of catacombs to receive the dead

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narthex

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a porch or vestibule of a church, generally colonnaded or arcaded and preceding the nave

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nave

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the central area of an ancient Roman basilica or of a church, demarcated from aisles by piers or columns separating the nave from the aisles

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oculus

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a circular opening in a wall or at the apex of a dome

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opus incertum

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random facing composed of small stones; used second to first centuries BC

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opus reticulatum

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small square stones set diagonally; used first century BC to first century AD

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opus testaceum

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facing of flat bricks or tiles; used starting mid-first century AD

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palatine

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A palatine or palatinus is a high-level official attached to imperial or royal courts in Europe since Roman times. The term palatinus was first used in Ancient Rome for chamberlains of the Emperor due to their association with the Palatine Hill

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pendentive

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an inverted, concave, triangular piece of masonry serving as the transition from a square support system to the circular base of a dome

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peristyle

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a row of columns surrounding a space within a building such as a court or internal garden or edging a veranda or porch

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tablinum

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“home office”

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tepidarium

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room with bath of warm water

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thermae

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in Roman architecture, public baths usually of great size and splendour, consisting of bathing rooms of varied heating intensity and facilities for exercise and relaxation

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trabeation

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construction using upright posts and horizontal lintels, not arches or vaults; also known as “post-and-beam” or “post-and-lintel” construction

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transept

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the part of a church with an axis that crosses the nave at a right angle

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triumphal arch

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a freestanding, massive stone gateway with a large central arch, built as urban ornament and/or to celebrate military victories

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tufa

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a soft porous rock

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tumulus

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burial mound; in Etruscan architecture, tumuli cover one of more subterranean multi-chambered tombs cut out of local tufa

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voussoirs

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a wedge-shaped stone used in the construction of an arch or vault

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Roman Orders

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Tuscan, Roman Doric, Ionic, Corinthian, Composite

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Constantine

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Emperor of Rome who stopped the persecution of Christians and in 324 made Christianity the official religion of the Roman Empire; in 330 he moved his capital from Rome to Byzantium and renamed it Constantinople (280-337)

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Hippodamus of Miletus

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Hippodamus of Miletus was an ancient Greek architect, urban planner, physician, mathematician, meteorologist and philosopher and is considered to be the “father” of urban planning, the namesake of Hippodamian plan of city layouts

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Vitruvius

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Marcus Vitruvius Pollio was a Roman author, architect, and engineer during the 1st century BC perhaps best known for his multi-volume work entitled De Architectura