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33 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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domestication
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-biological process of changing the genetic and physical characteristics of plants and animals as they become dependent on humans
-involves selective breeding |
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NAGPRA
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-Native American Graves Protection and Repatriation Act
-1990 -requires museums/researchers to consult Native Am. tribes regarding artifacts/remains that belong to them -Morrell article |
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Barbara Heath
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-archaeologist studying Jefferson's plantation
-found surprising artifacts such as silver buttons and jewelry -Allison article |
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Kennewick Man
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-scientists sued Army Corps for trying to return discovered remains under NAGPRA
-tribes stake claim, but scientists claim origins are not N.A. |
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agriculture
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-intentional management (cultivation & herding) of domesticated plants and animals
-involves changes in use of earth and environment toward productive ends |
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fertile crescent
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-located in SW asia
-marks location of beginnings of agriculture -important plants: wheat & barley -important animals: sheep & goats |
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Abu Hureyra
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-site in modern syria
-begining of neolithic revolution -epipaleolithic -9500 - 7400 BC -ex. of hunt-gath transition to early agriculture |
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nomadic
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-refers to use of mobility as a strategy in social, political, and economic ways of life
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nomadic pastoralism
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-particular social form that employs seasonal or cyclic mobility based on herd animals
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pastoralism approaches
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-cattle: western eurasian, yamnaya culture 3000-2400 BC
-horses: Botai 3500 BC (sedentary villages) -sheep: near mountains, bronze age, evidence of communication |
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Paleolithic
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-Lower, Middle, Upper
-human beginings -human behavior begins to pick-up and change -characterized by generalized hunter-gatherers |
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generalized hunter-gatherers
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-mobile, follow game/resources
-small groups -flexible organization -move frequently/large territories -little material culture -exploit large resources |
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Mesolithic
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-period between end of pleistocene and beginning of farming (between paleo & neo)
-expansion/further development of patterns from Upper Paleo -anywhere from 20000 BC - 400 BC (centered 15000-5000) |
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change in mesolithic
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-increased: food extraction, sedentism, status differentiation, warfare
-evidence: cemeteries, larger sites, material culture increase, pottery, new tech |
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important mesolithic sites
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-cemeteries: Vedbaek, Denmark & Jebel Sahaba
-Vedbaek: mother/infant, baby on swan, men w/flint, mass grave -Jebel: lots of projectile points |
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specialized hunter-gatherers
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-more sedentary
-larger size -more material culture -less egalitarian -exploit smaller resources (reproduce more consistently) -abundant and predictable resource base allows for these conditions -accumulate goods -- changes social interactions |
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Braidwood
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-Beer theory of agriculture/civilization
-we became farmers because we were trying to make beer |
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Jared Diamond
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-Is agriculture biggest mistake?
-agriculture is not safer, better, or easier than hunt-gath |
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V. Gordon Childe
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-Oasis (propinquinty) theory
-weather patterns cause arid conditions -people/animals/plants flock to oases --> domestication can arise |
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Carl Sauer
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-sedentary hunt-gatherers first experiment b/c they have decent food security
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Mark Cohen
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-demographic hypothesis
-growing population size necessitates increased food production |
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Binford & Flannery
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-marginal habitat hypothesis
-in order to stay below carrying capacity, some groups split and were pushed to marginal areas -intensified food production needed in these areas |
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David Rindos
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-co-evolutionary theory
-food production=natural consequence of relationship btwn humans and plants/animals -resulted from symbiosis (no expirementation) |
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Barbara Bender
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-social theory
-sedentism complicates social relationships -increased food production as part of maintaining complex social relationships |
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Neolithic
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-term used describe last period of stone age; after mesolithic
-period after 12kya when food production replaces foraging -food production spreads rapidly -Childe: "Neolithic revolution" |
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Advantages of farming
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-more food per unit land --> can feed more people
-allows for accumulation of material culture |
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Disadvantages of farming
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-hard work
-risk -nutritional deficiencies -disease -social stratification |
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Food production theorists/theories
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-Braidwood/Beer
-Sauer/sedentary -Bender/Social -Cohen/demographic -Childe/Oases -Rindos/Co-evolutionary -Binford&Flannery/Marginal |
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characteristics of a state-level society
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-dense population (large sites)
-observe different levels of control (common objects among groups) -monumental works -social stratification -record keeping -labor specialization -uniformity/standards of measurement (pottery) |
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sintasta burial
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-2200 BC
-cave art -first evidence of wheeled chariots (-->horses) |
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Old World Societies
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-Egypt (2700-2100 BC)
-Han dynasty (200 BC - 200 AD) |
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Causes for state collapse
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-external: environmental, climate (e.g. drought, flood, etc)
-internal: moral decay/decompostion model |
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Ancient China
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-Wang Mang (ruler)
-yellow river floods/levees -politics/technology |
