Archaeology Chapter 4 Test Review

Front 1

Upper (Late) Pleistocene-

Back 1

-128-10 KYA
-Intense glacial conditions existed ca. 75 KYA and ca. 29-18 KYA
-Last Glacial Maximum ca. 18 KYA with sea levels down ca. 130 m (426 ft) below modern levels.
-Average temp. worldwide was about -7°C lower than today w/ temps near the glacial front -15.5°C (-60°F)
-Vegetation was different w/ cold species and biomes (e.g., tundra) found further south; some desert areas were actually wetter during the Last Glacial Maximum than today (e.g. Sahara, S. African deserts, US SW)
-Rainforests were smaller and compressed into low areas

Front 2

(Upper Pleistocene)
Eemian Interglacial-

Back 2

-128-118 KYA (or 126-116 K B. C.)
-A warm period (Modern H. Sapiens)

Front 3

(Upper Pleistocene)
Weichsel Glaciation-

Back 3

-Begins 118 KYA
-European and N. American ice sheets expand and sea levels were down ca. 70 m (230 ft)

Front 4

How long ago were H. sapiens living in SW Asia (aka Middle East)? Where did they migrate from?

Back 4

By about 100 KYA, having migrated from Africa.

Front 5

What in Israel indicates that Neanderthals and H. sapiens were living in the same region at roughly the same time? About what time?

Back 5

Cave sites. About 92-45 KYA.

Front 6

What, ca. 45 KYA, suggests that H. sapiens, or at least the ________ most frequently associated w/ them, replaced archaic _______ &/ or peoples (e.g., Neanderthals)?

Back 6

The Upper Paleolithic (blade & bone based) tool technology.

Front 7

Upper Paleolithic Transition-

Back 7

Checkout bottom right of PG. 2 of chapter 4 Outline notes.

Front 8

What acted like the Swiss Army Knife?

Back 8

Blade technology. Top right Pg. 3 Outline notes

Front 9

Characteristic artifacts used by Paleolithic groups in western Europe:

Back 9

-harpoons
-bone points
-spear-thrower
-Solutrean points
-scrapers
-chisel-ended burin

Front 10

"Cultural Explosion" or "Mental Explosion" of the Upper Paleolithic-

Back 10

-Modern H. sapiens in Mid East began to burn their dead w/ animal jaws ca. 100 KYA.
-Real "cultural explosion" did not occur until about 50-30 KYA:
= 50 KYA, blade technology in SW Asia (Middle East)
= 40 KYA, art objects appear in Europe.
= 35 KYA, Australia is settled
= 30 KYA, rapid cultural change is found virtually worldwide w/ the exception of the Americas (the "last frontier" of the Paleolithic)

Front 11

"Cultural Explosion" and Replacement of the Neanderthals-

Back 11

Neanderthals & H. sapiens apparently coexisted in Europe for at least several thousand years, w/ Neanderthals using Upper Paleolithic technology as revealed in some cave sites(e.g. St. Cesaire, France, ca. 36 KYA)
-By 33 KYA, modern H. sapiens were the only remaining hominid in Europe w/ their population represented by the so-called Cro-Magnon (named after the rockshelter of the same name near Les Eyzies, France)

Front 12

What are some possibilities of how H. sapiens replaced Neanderthals?

Back 12

1. Ecological competition
2. Out Breeding
3. Genocide

Front 13

What are some traits of the Cultural Explosion in Europe and Elsewhere?

Back 13

-Higher pop. densities post 33 KYA, esp. in European river valleys
-More regulare social gatherings
-More stylistic variation in stone & bone artifacts (marking territorial or social boundaries- possibly the foundation for regionalized, multiethnic Europe?)
-More emphasis on working bone & antler
-Shift toward greater hunting of heard animals
-Increasing use of personal ornamentation
-Greater quantities of raw materials coming from distant sources, indicative of long distance trade networks.

Front 14

The Artistic Explosion-

Back 14

- Between 42-32 KYA, bone ornaments such as beads, pendants, animal teeth were being used.
-Roughly contemporaneously, images of animals, humans, and other symbols were painted on cave walls in Europe.
-By ca. 27 KYA, art was also found in S. African and Australian caves.
-Only after ca. 20 KYA does art become commonplace, w/ some 200 caves in SW Europe & about 10,000 sculpted & engraved objects from Europe to Siberia.
-Even musical instruments have been found (bone flutes)

Front 15

What is some evidence for the "Culture Explosion" (ca. 50-40 KYA)?

Back 15

-Cave paintings
-Jewelry
-Trade
-Composite + Special tools
-Musical instrument
-Sculpture
-Blade Industry
-Detailed Depictions of animals (cave paintings)

Front 16

Grotte De Chauvet, France-

Back 16

-Left middle of Page 4 of Chapter outline.
-PG. 128 Book

Front 17

What was one of the earliest known human artworks? Where was it found and when does it date to?

Back 17

A lion-headed anthropomorphic statuette. It was carvedfrom a smallmammothtusk. Found in Stadel Cave, Germany. Dates to 32 KYA.

Front 18

What did Alexander Marchack claim to be a "time factorial" object? What is a "time factorial object?"

Back 18

A Engraved bonefromLa Marche, France. A time factorial object is basically a calendar.

Front 19

(Late Paleolithic Houses of Eurasia)
Mezhirich-

Back 19

-Ukraine, ca. 17 KYA
-5 houses
-110,000 sq ft of area
-50 people

Front 20

(Late Paleolithic Houses of Eurasia)
Dolni Vestonice-

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-Czech Republic, ca. 27 KYA
-100-120 people

Front 21

Paleo Siberia-

Back 21

-The likely origin of American Indians (Paleosiberians to Paleoindians)
-Earliest occupations date to betwen 38-28 KYA, with strong evidence at ca. 34.9 KYA w/ a mixed Middle Paleolithic & blade technology (archaic + modern)
-Later occupations are found in the Lake Baikal & Mal'ta regions dating to 22 KYA, some with semisubterranean houses similar to those in Dolni Vestonice
- Afontova gora occupations were found over a larger area & to the north, dating to 21-20 KYA
-D'uktai culture may date to as early as 30 KYA, but most American archaeologists accept 16-13 KYA; D'uktai stone tools resemble some of the earliest American stone tools (Clovis... etc.)
- IMPORTANT BECAUSE THESE SIBERIAN CULTURES WERE THE PEOPLES WHO EVENTUALLY MIGRATED TO THE NEW WORLD VIA ALASKA.

Front 22

Artifacts of the D'uktai tradition-

Back 22

-Wedge-shaped core; characteristic found on both sides of the Bering Strait.