Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
52 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
4 characteristics of science in archaeology?
|
1. universe is a real thing & something we can learn about.
2. universe operates according to law. 3. laws are immutable 4. laws are discoverable. |
|
scientific method?
|
1. find mystery that needs explaining.
2. create theory & testable hypotheses. 3. test hypotheses using ur data. 4. accept or reject hypotheses. |
|
human behavioral ecology?
|
Theory that humans have evolved through natural selection to adjust phenotype to adapt to environment.
|
|
prey choice model?
|
Upon encountering their prey, hunters will decide to pursue it or not.
High ranked prey: Deer Low ranked prey: Bunny |
|
resource depression?
|
when high ranked preys are exhausted. exploited from foraging behavior.
|
|
sustainability?
|
the ability to maintain; ability of some relationship to persist for an extended period.
|
|
relative dating?
|
dating that determines the SEQUENTIAL ORDER in which events occurred
|
|
absolute dating?
|
dating that determines an APPROXIMATE AGE.
|
|
direct dates?
|
taken from the actual object of interest.
|
|
indirect dates?
|
taken from the materials associated with the object of interest.
|
|
target event?
|
the event you want to date.
|
|
dated event?
|
the event you are actually dating.
|
|
Different kinds of absolute dating are?
|
1. Dendrochronology
2. Radiocarbon dating 3. Luminescence 4. Potassium-Argon |
|
Dendrochronology?
|
dating based on annual growth rings in trees.
during a drought, rings are close together, when more moisture grows farther apart. |
|
Radiocarbon dating?
|
uses radioactive decay of 14C to estimate the time since the death of the organism.
(When living things die, they stop taking in Carbon) |
|
Luminescence?
|
Something that emits (sends) light.
-There is a stimulus that causes energy to build up, stored and another stimulus that releases that energy. -mineral crystals have chemical imperfections, which trap mobile electrons. Heating those crystals empty the stored energy setting it to zero. Energy accumulates and you measure the energy in the mineral + radiation estimates TIME SINCE EXPOSURE TO LIGHT OR HEAT. |
|
Potassium-Argon?
|
Measure the amount of 40Ar in volcanic rock, that will give you estimate of date of rock formation.
|
|
Geoarchaeology?
|
study that applies concept of geosciences (Earth) to archaeological research.
|
|
deposit?
|
3 dimensional units made from sediments.
|
|
sediment?
|
something that has been transported by some process from one location to another (dirt + artifacts)
|
|
soil?
|
sediment that has undergone chemical/mechanical alterations.
|
|
Eolian sediment?
|
sediments carried by WIND.
-can carry clay and fine silt. |
|
Alluvial sediment?
|
sediments carried by WATER.
-can carry sand to small cobbles. beach sediment. |
|
Colluvial sediment?
|
sediments transported on a HILL through GRAVITY.
-can carry large cobbles along with smaller sized sediments |
|
Glacial sediment?
|
sediment carried by GLACIER.
-carries mix of different sizes of cobble. Variation in size and shape of sediments. |
|
Tsunami sediment?
|
SAND that gets finer toward land, deep-water marine fossils.
|
|
Roof fall (eboulis)?
|
rock that falls from the ceiling of a cave due to FROST ACTION.
|
|
Marker bed?
|
geological layer whose age has been confirmed, by geologists and others. & whose presence can be used to date archaeological sediments.
|
|
Different natural processes that alter, disturb or preserve?
|
1.Floralturbation
2.Faunalturbation 3.Krotovina 4.Cryoturbation 5.Graviturbation |
|
Floralturbation?
|
plants affect the distribution of artifacts at archaeological sites. (when a tree falls, trunk breaks and pulls artifacts from lower level to higher)
|
|
Faunalturbation?
|
animals affect the distribution of archaeological materials.
|
|
Krotovina?
|
a rodent hole.
|
|
Cryoturbation?
|
freeze/thaw activity in a soil, pushes artifacts to the surface.
|
|
Graviturbation?
|
artifacts are moved downslope through gravity.
|
|
bioarchaeology?
|
the study of the human biological component evident in the archaeological record.
|
|
Paleopathology?
|
the study of ancient patterns of disease and disorders.
|
|
Harris lines? (in bones)
|
pauses in growth due to DISEASE, TRAUMA & MALNUTRITION.
|
|
Cribra Orbitalia?
|
Iron deficiency of the eye socket. cause the spongy appearance in eye.
|
|
Porotic Hyperostosis?
|
Iron deficiency in skull. Causes bone tissue to appear spongy and soft.
|
|
Dental caries?
|
bacteria that feed on carbs & produce acid that dissolve tooth enamel. (cavity)
|
|
Evidence 4 Cannibalism?
|
1. remains not treated respectfully.
2. separation of bones at their joints. 3. no signs of carnivore scavenging 4. light color of bones & smooth surface suggests stewed or boiled 5. more men eaten than women |
|
complex hunter-gatherer?
|
inequality in social/political groups.
-ties between different groups that involve exchange (economic relationship) |
|
How do you look for social?
Potlach? |
look for storage and surplus of material goods, evidence of potlach.
-designed to establish or maintain social status. |
|
human burials
1. achieved status? |
worked for their profits (donald trump)
|
|
human burials
2. ascribed status? |
born with their profits (royal family)
|
|
Hypotheses:
Why and how does social complexity arise? |
1. resource rich environment = high population = unequal territories = unequal access to resources.
2. "Big Men" theory: certain individuals just take leadership roles. |
|
cognitive archaeology?
|
the study of the way ancient societies thought and symbolic structures perceived in past material culture.
|
|
symbol?
|
an object or act, by cultural convention, stands for something else, with no specific connection.
|
|
ritual?
|
a succession of discrete behaviors that must be performed in a particular order under particular circumstances.
|
|
religion?
|
a specific set of beliefs about ones relation to the supernatural.
|
|
Cosmology?
|
study of origin, large scale structure, and future of the universe.
|
|
Iconography?
|
art forms/writing systems that symbolically represent ideas about religion or cosmology
|