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29 Cards in this Set
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Location
Name of Building Date |
Sanchi: Stupa I and Gateways, III BC- III AD..*
Verdica (enclosing fence) Harmica (square enclosure), Chatra (three-tier umbrella) at the top, a symbol of royalty • Built primarily by rulers • Large pilgrimage site with a great number of monasteries • Located at the edge of a hill, looking over the ruler, making the exterior visible for quite some distance • Hill-like shape • Solid mound • Meant to be relics to Buddha’s followers to the spiritual world • Something about the four cardinal directions and engraving** • Gateway and fence were built out of stone • Swastika like shape, providing a sense of rotation • increased about 20 ft. in diameter, covered with plaster. |
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Location
Name of Building Date |
Karli: Chaitya hall, 50-70 AD. *
• rock cut sanctuary cut out of a living rock. • Long space culminating in a curve which then embraced a small stupa • Carved out the vault, and proceeded downward • Skylight that allowed illumination within • Teak floating ribs attached by dowels to polished stone vault. • Visually the most spectacular stupa • Set in shapes derived from water jars • Bell shaped capitals • Center mound is notable, single level umbrella, set on a raised inverted pyramid • Only a single window over the doorway |
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Location
Name of Building Date |
Plans of Chang-An (now Xian), plan ca. 582 AD, 6th century *
- Destroyed only to be rebuilt by another army - Served as the capital in the 6th century of the T’ang dynasty - Can be compared to Timgad, in the checkerboard plan - Largely an agricultural society - The palace complex was the basic module of urban design - The square blocks are compounds walled in within the city, to express the Emperor’s power by keeping the people in check by controlling them. The basic features of the ancient Chinese capital conform to plan with the major exception that the palace complex is set in the middle of the north side, terminating the north-south axis. The Confucian ideal of hierarchy is clearly embodied in this plan. |
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Location
Name of Building Date |
Madina, House of the Prophet, 624.**
- hypostyle mosque were based on this - the Prophet Muhammad would teach below the colonnade - followers would gather in the courtyard - also has a living space for the Prophet - 3 bays deep |
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Location
Name of Building Date |
Nara, Horyuji Temple (685 on). *
- one of the earliest of these temples are still standing today, with all of its original design - loose symmetry was found in many Japanese Buddhist monasteries - the plans are of before and after the great fire containing a Kondo on the right, pagoda on the left, surrounded by a middle gate which served as the entrance - the lecture hall was on the outside of the middle gate prior to the fire, and after the fire it was constructed as apart of the gate, and served as another entrance - the inner gateway (chumon), is covered with a vermillion lacquer - open colonnade running along the structure containing a white gravel in the courtyard Kondo - most important structure on site - square in plan - higher base raised off of the ground - essentially 2 stories in height - a complex series of roofs with a curvature accentuate the gracefulness of the apparently hovering roof forms. A single wooden support extends from the the base to the finial of the building. - originally only accessible to the priests Pagoda - numerous different ways that the Japanese pagoda roof was treated - the roofs get smaller as the pagoda rises - could be one-dimensioned repeated throughout all levels - a different kind of shrine, containing not so many relics, but more symbols of relics, which were all set underneath a central pillar that rises through the entire structure - the pillar provides rigidity to the structure - 5 stories high, the 4 upper stories were inhabitable, non functional areas. - Could be compared to the Johnson Wax Company building, containing a central pillar that rises through the entire structure |
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Location
Name of Building Date |
Ise, Shinto Shrine, rebuilt every twenty years since 690 AD.*
- Shinto, a series of beliefs - Ascribed a natural will to natural forces - The emperor was considered a descendant of the sun - Two major religious precincts - Inner and outer - 4 sets of walls that separate it from the outside wall only people that have access to the inner precinct are the emperor and the highest priest of the precinct - made out of specially made cypress, cypress with no lacquer - helps withstand the natural forces - raised up to protect from potential flooding - the barrel elements on top help keep the roof intact - used to be simple agricultural buildings, such as for storing rice - after the new building was constructed, the old one would be dismantled |
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Location
Name of Building Date |
Jerusalem, Dome of the Rock, completed 691.*
• one of the first monumental constructions, that commemorated the memory of Mohammed ascension to heaven • multi-shell structure, two different structures o oval interior o octagonal exterior • constructed to upstage the dome structure at the holy Sepulchre • dome constructed of wood • built out of lightweight materials rather than stone and concrete • ring of windows along the base of the dome |
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Location
Name of Building Date |
Damascus, Great Mosque, 706.*
• Roman and Christian construction roots • 3 bays deep, bisected by a transverse space • as if two basilica’s were conjoined as one • minarets in four corners • the faith would come to the sahn and cleanse themselves before entering the mosque • became the site of a cathedral minbar - the area where the leader would perform the prayer service |
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Location
Name of Building Date |
Nara, Todaiji. Daibutsen (Great Buddha Hall, 730 on) and gate (after 1180).*
- Uses architecture to convey a sense of authority - Rebuilt after a fire around 1200 The monastery included two symmetrically placed, seven-story pagodas forwards of the inner courtyard enclosing the Great Buddha Hall (Daibutsuden) and dodo, all three set on axis. - Smaller structures for the monks' living quarters and dining hall flanked the dodo on three sides. - The hall that stands today is a reconstruction from about 1700 at about 2/3 the size of the original, yet is still counted among the largest wooden buildings in the world. Great South Gate - The roof structure of this building reflects influences from contemporary work in Song-Dynasty China. Eight layers of cantilevered brackets support the projecting eave of the lower roof, and another seven layers support the upper eave. Bracket ends have a distinctive reverse-curve profile typical of the Great Buddha style. - The entire roof structure is visible from below because there is no dropped ceiling |
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Location
Name of Building Date |
Cordoba, Great Mosque, 8th-10th centuries.*
• was a cathedral prior, only taking up 1/4th of the current structure • has been expanded three times over its lifetime • contains a variety of arch types in its facade o fragmented, interlocking, blind, visible horseshoe, piled on top of one another • contrasting bands of red brick and white limestone, forming the arch above, carried through to its interior Interior • 600+ columns and arches • a second row of arches, raised above the first, creating rich and complex layers within • similar to that of roman aqueducts (multi-layered) Vaults in the chapels • creates an octagonal pattern within • axial and diagonal • has the appearance of gothic ribs • provides the ability to add additional lighting above |
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Location
Name of Building Date |
Shanxi, Foguang Monastery (857 ), *
- Took on a cloud like shape - The broad eaves on the East Hall present an opportunity for the extensive brackets supporting the roof structure to be displayed. - Its hillside site required terracing of the complex, so the main hall is elevated above the approaching courtyards. - The front elevation is seven bays wide, with exceptionally deep overhanging eves that cantilever over thirteen feet from the supporting column face. |
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Location
Name of Building Date |
Khajuraho: Kandariya Temple, ca. 1000 AD*
• outer surfaces cut into as if they were fabric • raised up on a much higher base (2 stories) • represents an entire mountain range • a depiction of the cosmos • unrelenting stress on the pier • details of sculptural decoration depicting the sexual act as representative of consummate bliss. (above and below) |
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Location
Name of Building Date |
Uji, Phoenix Hall, 1053*
Constructed by the Fujiwara family as part of the transformation of an existing villa into a family temple. The plan and massing of the building were inspired by the phoenix, a mythical bird that rises from the ashes of destruction. - Symmetrical plan, consisting of a central hall with open L-shaped wings stretching from either side and a covered corridor attached to the rear like a tail. - In elevation, the roof planes and bracketing system create the feeling of upward lift, as if to capture the sensation of flight. - Its interior shows the Buddha sitting on a lotus flower in the lake of paradise. The sumptuous materials and the intricate details of carved and glided figures were employed in pious anticipation of a better world to come. - Viewed across the reflecting pond onto which the hall fronts, the golden image set amid this graceful and delicate architecture conveys the feeling a rising to that perfect paradise to which its patrons aspired. only accessible from the rear set on an island, a man made lake |
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Location
Name of Building Date |
Cambodia: Angkor Wat, XII AD.*
• Parkura (walled enclosure). • Largest single religious complex in the world • Massive temple • Surrounded by four enclosures • Outer enclosure approx. a mile in length on each side. • An arrangement of conical shaped towers (pinecones) • large urbanized area, comprised of islands, delineated by rectilinear canals • agricultural center for the production of rice • means the city of temples • the only temple that is oriented towards the west, others by tradition are oriented towards the east • sits in its own island, connected by only two causeways, east and west • the canal that surrounds it makes it look even more massive |
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Location
Name of Building Date |
Chartres, Cathedral, west facade, 1134-1145, nave begun 1194. 125' high.*
- wealthy city - important pilgrimage church - housed the relic, the tunic of the Virgin Mary - nave is shorter than the Cathedral of Notre Dame - transept is wide and prominent, largely due to the topography that descends sharply at the rear and the left side. - a single long nave with a string of deep chapels at the back - the central portion was roofed - the side aisles had vaults - reused the foundations of the older building to create the current one - three aisles in the nave, 5 aisles in the choir - the tunic was unharmed despite the cathedral being burnt down - wider nave than traditional cathedrals - height achieved with considerable ease - was the first to use the quadripartite (four part vault) - all of the stained glass windows were removed during WWII and replaced with paned glass windows - three story elevation remained a theme - the nave arcade was elevated in height |
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Location
Name of Building Date |
Saint-Denis, Abbey, ambulatory, c.1140-1144.*
- a monastic church rather than a religious church - the royal coronation was held here - kings of France were buried here for centuries - mid 1130s, powerful Abbot Suger begun construction - the façade is divided into four pier buttresses, physically attached onto the building - originally meant to have a pair of towers on either side - higher sense of movement in the middle section Choir Interior - gave a general and spiritual illumination to show the interior beauty - stained glass windows |
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Location
Name of Building Date |
Paris, Notre-Dame, begun 1163, west facade begun 1200. 115' high.*
- One of the largest naves in England at 115’ high - located on an island - the buttresses were rebuilt - chapels were added along the outside - A 5 aisled cathedral - the aisled creates a sense of continuity wrapping around the nave - changed to a sexpartile cathedral, 6 aisles - everything emphasizes the thinness of the structure - they were able to achieve this height through flying buttresses and by making it a 4 part nave changed it from a 4 story scheme to a 3 story scheme the impact of Chartres cathedral made them switch to this scheme |
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Location
Name of Building Date |
Canterbury, Cathedral, choir, 1174-79*
- Following the martyrdom of St. Thomas Becket it made the Cathedral a place of pilgrimage. This brought both the need to expand the Cathedral, and the wealth that made it possible. - After the fire of the choir in 1174, the crypt survived the fire intact, and it was found possible to retain the outer walls of the choir, which were increased in height by 12 feet in the course of the rebuilding. - They replaced everything else with the new Gothic style, meaning pointed arches, rib vaulting and flying buttresses. - In 1180-4, in place of the old, square-ended, eastern chapel, the present Trinity chapel was constructed, a broad extension with an ambulatory, designed to house the shrine of St Thomas Becket. - The corpse of Edward Plantagenet (The Black Prince) and King Henry IV also lay here. - three story vault - rectilinear lattice |
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Location
Name of Building Date |
Siena, Cathedral, 1220-60 and 1340s.*
- It has the form of a Latin cross with a slightly projecting transept, a dome and a bell tower. - The dome rises from a hexagonal base with supporting columns. - The nave is separated from the two aisles by semicircular arches. - The exterior and interior are constructed of white and greenish-black marble in alternating stripes, with addition of red marble on the façade. - The façade of Siena Cathedral is one of the most fascinating in all of Italy and certainly one of the most impressive features in Siena. - Each of the cardinal points (west, east, north, and south) has their own distinct work; by far the most impressive of these is the west façade. - 3 entrances through the west façade and the central entrance is bronze. |
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Location
Name of Building Date |
Assisi, Basilica of St. Francesco, 1228-39.*
- Contains square vaulted units, no flying buttresses - Tall circular hollow piers to buttress it instead - Designed on two levels, the Upper Church and the Lower Church - The architecture is a synthesis of the Romanesque and Gothic styles, and established many of the typical characteristics of Italian Gothic architecture. - Both churches had a simple cruciform plan with an aisless nave of four square bays, a square crossing, a transept that projected by half a bay one each side, and an apse, the lower being semicircular and the upper polygonal. To the left of the church stands a free-standing bell tower of Romanesque design. - The lower church was built entirely in Romanesque style with the exception of an ornate Gothic doorway. - The Upper Church has a façade of white-washed brick divided into two horizontal zones of about equal height and also contains a single large doorway in the Gothic style, divided by a column. - The main decorative feature, which is common in Italian architecture, fresco is prominent throughout the Basilica |
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Location
Name of Building Date |
Florence, San Maria Novella begun 1278*
- Pointed arches - Vaulted over arcades - Monastic church - Similar to the Cistercian monastery of Fontenay |
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Location
Name of Building Date |
Florence, Basilica of Santa Croce, begun
1296*
- Largest Franciscan church in the world. - Its most notable features are its sixteen chapels, many of them decorated with frescoes. - It's floor plan is a tau cross, symbolizing St. Francis, 115 metres in length with a nave and two aisles separated by lines of octagonal columns. - Has a prominent neo-Gothic marble façade - Wooden trussed roof - Sense of openness, a renaissance idea that was applied here - Monastic church |
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Location
Name of Building Date |
Florenece, Palazzo Della Signoria (1299-1320)*
- The areas around were modified in order to construct the Piazza Del Duomo and Piazza Della Signoria - The square was enlarged 3 times to create the L shaped appearance - The height was raised - A taller tower was ultimately constructed - The building was dimensioned to fit the square it served a purpose where the entire population could watch officials take their rightful place into their government - A copy of Michelangelo's David statue as well as the gallery of statues in the adjacent Loggia dei Lanzi, makes it one of the most significant public places in Italy. |
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Location
Name of Building Date |
Florence, Loggia Della Signoria (also known as the Loggia dei Lanzi) , 1376-82*
- The square evolved into the last contribution being built into the 1370s - The tower had a bell in it in which it was cracked - Has only been rang once in the last century, when the German onslaught was upon them |
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Location
Name of Building Date |
Beijing, Temple of Heaven (1420-1530 AD).*
- One of the four alters dedicated to nature that are outside of the city - Integrated into the city in the 16th century - Sits adjacent to the Forbidden City - The terraces here are connected by a viaduct - Dedicated to agriculture - The emperor would come here on specified dates to pray for good harvests - One of few stone buildings that has vaulting in it Hall of Prayer for Good Harvests - A circular version of the audience halls at the forbidden city - The number of roofs – 3 - The colors of the roofs were originally blue, yellow and green. Now they are all blue - Outer zone comprised of 12 columns - Inner zone comprised of 4 columns, supporting the central section representing the 12 months and 4 seasons - Has the closest thing to a dome in China Imperial Vault of Heaven - The Chinese believe that the Earth is square and Heaven is circular - Hip roof building “floating roof” that sits on a frieze - Housed the names of previous emperor’s, where they would pray to the emperor spirits Round Altar - Where the offerings to the Gods were made - Building of silk and jade - Music - Flickering oil lamps, set on the major levels, provide effects to the ceremony - The emperor was the only one who would face South everyone else faced North |
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Location
Name of Building Date |
Beijing: Imperial Palace. Commonly known as the Forbidden City, begun XV AD.*
Comprised of 2 major areas The heart, inner enclosure 800 m x 500 m Surrounded by a moat, larger than the grand canal in Venice - The larger area is the administrative center - You could not get a sense of its importance until you were right next to it - Three buildings on an I shaped platform, the I represents royalty in China - Smaller and more intimate for the residential portion - The name comes from practice, only the most important people were given access to this complex, imperial family, members of the court, and people with governmental positions - Wu Men Gate constructed on a bridge and is guarded by towers and flanking walls built over the moat that surrounds the Forbidden City - Note the alternating sequence of gates and courts through which ambassadors would pass before reaching the Hall of Supreme Harmony, where the emperor received state visitors. - First came the Outer City wall, then the gates to the Inner City and the Imperial City, before the palace, or Forbidden City, was reached. (The palace was termed "forbidden" because it was off-limits to the common people.) - The moat enhanced the feeling of separation and protection engendered by the sequence of walls to the Outer City, the Inner City, the Imperial City, and finally the Forbidden City. - Hall of Supreme Harmony (throne and hall of public appearances) large and richly adorned, flanked by lesser structures creating a cross-axis, and elevated on a triple podium made accessible by stairs and a carved ramp over which the emperor was carried by his retinue. - The emperor would meet daily with his assistant - Deeply overhanging eves on the roof - Appropriately vast - Hall of Middle Harmony (anteroom, preparatory hall) The emperor would prepare for ceremonial entrances here - Hall of Preserving Harmony (banquets and exams) Smaller version of the Hall of Supreme Harmony Exams for governmental positions were taken here |
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Location
Name of Building Date |
Beijing, rebuilt many times, present city mainly 15-16th Centuries.*
Current capital of China - Flanked by sturdy and impressive walls - Mao tore down these walls and replaced them with a circumferential highway Typical House - architecture of subtraction - the addition of a series of residential pavilions around the court Mansion - evil spirits move in straight paths, even though the house is designed on a single axis. - The main entrance is off to the right side of the house |
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Location
Name of Building Date |
Himeji, Himeji Castle, 1601-10.*
- One of the great surviving medieval castles. Its defenses include a moat, heavily fortified gateways, and massive stone foundations, but the superstructure is wood covered with thick layers of plaster. - stone foundations support wooden upper stories of this castle, built on a high point in the landscape, providing a 360 degree view of the area around it . The approach route is protected by battered stone walls and defensive positions with square openings for cannons. - Within the central section, a maze of passages connect the strongholds to confuse intruders. - Perforated walls, allowed for defensive fire power. 1950s - transformed into a museum of military culture - made up of many pieces of wood, held together by iron beams - the central pillar would behave like a tree, allowing it to move but not to collapse |
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Location
Name of Building Date |
Kyoto, Katsura Detached Villa, 1615 on.*
- Most famous villa - Located in a suburb near the Katsura river - 16 acres - one follows a main path in a counter clockwise route around a lake - secondary paths that would take you to tea houses - the river appears natural by its curves and shapes, but is artificially made. - A series of 4 interlocking pavilions - Highly discipline with the proportions of the space One of the halls above was more intimate and less visibly formal - Tea houses were constructed not only for the consumption of tea but for the performance of the tea ritual - A ceremony that developed from warlords - The ritual for tea drinking started outside of the tea house - one would crawl under a gate to get inside - the tea masters were either monks or people with religious training - self consciously rustic - interiors were extremely well made, many built-ins, in terms of cupboards and shelves. - Green tea was the choice of tea that they used - Can go to MIA to experience a modern reconstruction of a Japanese Tea House |
