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77 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Half-Timber
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Common building type for houses, build up not out for less cost, made out of timber and plaster, live above dirt and smell
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Bible for the poor (Biblia Pauperum)
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Story of Bible depicted on/in buildings (cathedrals) to teach illiterate population the Bible
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Rose Window
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Circular stained glass window that connects solar cycle to religion
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Tracery
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Patterns laid out on floors for window and stonework elements, everything done on site
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Pointed Arch (Gothic Arch)
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Arch with a pointed apex in Gothic Architecture
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Ribbed Vault
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Solid ribs carry the vaulted surface in Gothic Architecture and cathedrals,can act as a structure with skin or as a shell
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Porch
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Covered entrance/exit from buildings, decorated columnated opening to an important building
North Porch- local religious figures South Porch- Virgin Mary Central Porch- Christ (sometimes last judgment) |
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Tympanum
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Semi-circular decorative wall surface bounded by an arch, contains sculpture, imagery, ornaments, religious imagery
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Stereotomy
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Geometrical knowledge and techniques for drawing and cutting stone for assembly into structures
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Lux/Lumen/Illumination
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Lux- eternal light coming from nature or the light shining outside the cathedral
Lumen- metaphysical light that passes through the stained glass Illumination- spiritual light that elevates and renews the spirit within a person |
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City of God (Civitus Dei)
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Medieval cathedral is holy city, stone and glass precious, imperfect version of divine city, master mason's job to construct city of God on earth
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Rigorous architecture, details of monsters
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Abbey Cluny
Cluny, France 1095 CE Unknown |
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Lux/Lumen/Illumination, major pilgrimage site, walls dematerialize, ample windows, relics seen, light is divine and grows in darkness
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St. Denis
Paris, France 1144 CE Abbey Suger |
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Consistency not important, 2 point sizes, 3 porches, pilgrimage church, rose window on front facade, light is central
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Chartes Cathedral
Chartes, France ca. 12th century Unknown |
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Ribbed vault ceiling, tall spire
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Salisbury Cathedral
Salisbury, England 1220-1258 CE Unknown |
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Villard de Honnecourt
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(artist, mason, carpenter ?)
No evidence of his work, only sketchbooks of architecture with designs, buildings, gravity, flight, proportions |
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Loggia
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Covered walkway, open on one side
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Lantern
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Sits on top of dome, lighting of dome
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Vitruvian man- Leonardo da Vinci and others
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Harmony in parts to whole, central point is naval of body, human relation to building (column is bodily), interests prompt anatomical dissections (divine order of body seen in heavens
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Linear perspective
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Invented by Fillippo Brunelleshi, possibility of connecting humans to divine realm, we don't see in perspective, changes in paintings occur (backgrounds more realistic), optically adjust
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Fortuna (fortune/chance)
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Growth in human will/dignity must be tempted in both good and bad, 50% of time we can solve problems, nature still seen as spirit, large role in architecture since it's dangerous and needs luck
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Not medieval (no pointed arches, rational simple geometry, free standing columns in front with order), loggia, clear sense of order/proportion, simplicity
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Hospital of the Innocents
Florence, Italy 1419-1427 CE Fillippo Brunelleshi |
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Dome building similar to master masons of past, dome comes later using centering (egg shaped structure)
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Basilica of Santa Maria del Fiore
Florence, Italy 1296-1434 CE Fillippo Brunelleshi |
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Centralized, circular building, clear proportions and harmonious, no monsters/lace, very rational, squares/circles, simplified geometries, where St. Peter thought to be crucified
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Tempietto in the courtyard of St. Peter's in Montorio
Rome, Italy ca. 1500 CE Donato Bramante |
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Incomplete facade, small public space in front, circles/squares, proportions, church, higher nave, bell tower, mimics triumphal arches
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Tempio Malatestiano
Rimini, Italy ca. 1450 CE Leon Battista Alberti |
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On the Art of Building
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Leon Battista Alberti
Written 1443-1452 Translates lessons of Vitruvius and changing context to Renaissance |
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The Prince
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Machievelli
Written 1513, Published 1532 Virtuous may not be ethical to achieve great things, aims of virtuous justify immoral means to achieve ends |
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Timaeus
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Plato
ca. 4th century BC Logically explains order and beauty in universe, handiwork of divine craftsman (demiourgos), universe explained as a whole and parts, order of cosmos split into Being (eternal and unchanging model, deals with divine, not humans) and Becoming (imperfect copy of eternal model on earth), trying to make work that matches heaven's works, ethical/ religious dimension, ideas valuable because sounds Christian |
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Invention of printing press
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Johannes Gutenberg
1440 Spread of ideas, growing literacy rate, ideas translated and copied quickly |
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Trompe-l'oeil
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Meant to deceive eye with false perspective
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Huge interest in theater, proportionality connects this world to divine, ethical judgment/order on stage,oldest surviving closed theater, first practical introduction of perspective in architecture, built as trompe-l'oeil
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Teatro Olympico (Olympic Theater)
Vucenza, Italy 1580-1585 Andrea Palladio and Vicenzo Scamozzi |
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Name comes from tile plant on site, royal project, building no longer exists, column orders banded across, version of iconic columns (invents French Order)
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Tuleries Palace and Garden
Paris, France 1564 Philibert de l'Orme and Bernard Palissy |
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For Diane de Poitiers (king 's lover), connected to Artemis and hunt (imagery in palace), built on hunting ground, connects to fertility (black/white), seems like tombs, has centralized chapel with complex patterns in dome and floor, connects theory with practice
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Chateau d'Anet (Palace of Anet)
Dreux, France 1552-1559 Philibert de l'Orme |
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Hypneromachia Poliphili
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Written 1499 in Venice, Italy
Main characters are Poliphilo and Polia Sleep (hypn), Love (ero), Fight (machia) Strife of living dream, rationally ordered (experience first, then reason), narrative of architectural treatise (story telling as theory), free will, desire of knowledge and lust, chooses between gluttony and giving up (life is bittersweet, never fulfilled but never lacking), at moment of fulfillment everything comes apart, embraces erotic condition to form of truth, wisdom is bodily knowledge (proportions, wisdom, etc.), Eros tied back to lack of desire |
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Place
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French for public square
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Piazza
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Italian for public square
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Grand Tour
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Architect/Designer travels to expose oneself to cultural legacy of classical antiquity and Renaissance, opportunity to view specific artworks and music with Cicerone
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Cicerone
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Knowledgeable guide/tutor for Grand Tour
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Monstra
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Demonstration
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Parterre
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Planting bed
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Grotto
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Underground cave-like features with mechanical workings, areas of erotic sculpture
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Automata
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Moving mechanical device to imitate human being, machine that can move on its own, for water
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7 hills of Rome
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Capitoline, Quirinal, Viminal, Esquiline, Celian, Aventine, Palatine
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4 Papal Basilicas of Rome
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St. Peter, Santa Maria Maggiore, St. Paul outside the Walls, St. John Lateran
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Tiber River
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Runs through Italy
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Pope Sixtus V
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Home was Villa Montaito, promotes redevelopment of city, tries to control lawlessness through justice (not peace), effort to control Rome- dead everywhere, punishment and architecture domestication, ancient monuments destroyed or reused for Christian purposes, keeps Colloseum, increases taxes on imports to support public works
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Borgo
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Rioni or district of Rome near Vatican
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Planning in public spaces, original planned public square in city, square space, intended for silk production then residencies for nobles, series of pavilions, stone and brick edges/fills, sloped roof, covered walkway
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Place des Vosges
Paris, France Unknown Unknown |
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Near Seine River, "New Bridge," doesn't have houses on it, opens up views into city, connects right and left banks, allows Paris to look at itself (theater), creates new districts and development opportunities, interest in islands, arches and covered walkways
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Pont Neuf
Paris, France Unknown Unknown |
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Radiating lines, obelisks, open area, more theatrical
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Piazza del Popolo
Rome, Italy Unknown Unknown |
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Mausoleum, cylindrical, used by Pope as fortress/castle, now museum, once tallest building
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Castel Sant'Angelo
Rome, Italy Unknown Unknown |
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Pilgrimage church
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Santa Maria Maggiore
Rome, Italy Unknown Unknown |
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Shows typography and city plan
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Map of Rome
Bufalini 1551 |
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Public square, aqueduct end, shows power of patron, functions of achievement, 3 arch fountain, marks new source of entryway, memorial, not well proportioned
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Fontana dell'Acqua Felice
Rome, Italy 1585-1588CE CE Domenico Fontana |
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Nature, reproduction, statues of delight, literature important in design, boundary wall, main house, grided parterres, geometric patterns
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Boboli Gardens
Florence, Italy ca. 16th century CE Unknown |
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Moving upward, fountains, sculptures, geometric hedges, story telling sculptures linked to owner, musical, grotto
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Gardens of Villa Lange
Near Viterbo, Italy ca. 16th century CE Unknown |
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Mannerism
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Intellectual sophistication, artificial qualities, distinctive trait, exaggerated or affected style or habit, influenced by ideas of artists
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Pediment
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Triangular area on face of building below roof, above entrance, etc.
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Giant Order
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Columns/pilasters that span 2 or more stories
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Console (scroll)
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Ornamentation of spirals that resemble rolled parchment, suggests plant forms
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Anamorphosis
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Interest in geometry, distorted perspective, how to make paintings work on domes, painting depth on flat surface that is created when standing in certain place, connection to spirituality and sensuality (moment of epiphany, ecstasy, orgasm)
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Monad
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Symbol to describe God or totality of beings, describes concept of "one essence"
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Galileo Galilei
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Idea- book of nature is written in numbers
Sun is center, mathematics is language of God and is truth, world conceived geometrically, science bases on numbers, heaven and earth identical |
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Rene Descartes
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Mind/Spirit (res cogito) vs. Body&world (res extensa)
Principle of knowledge through reason, mind is non-material entity (doesn't follow laws of physics), Body is material and machine-like (follows physics in written numbers), subjective (body) removed for search of true knowledge, objective (mind) only way to search for true knowledge |
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St. Peter's Basilica
Rome, Italy |
Dome- Michelangelo and Giacomo della Porta
Facade- Carlo Moderno Piazza with colonnade and interior Baldachinno- Gian Lorenzo Bernini- aligns one view and creates enclosure (anamorphosis), attempt to create stage for building sensuality, interior- large bronze framing device that acts as canopy over altar, right under dome, draws focus to altar |
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Staircase with different intention, takes you from level of entrance to level of library, massive, double columns and scrolls, folded capital corners
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Laurentian Library
Florence, Italy 1525 CE Michelangelo |
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Unifying diverse buildings and facades to create public space, trapezoid shape, focal point, central geometric design, columns added, monumental to personal level, giant order through layering of architecture
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Piazza del Campidoglio
Rome, Italy 1538-1650 CE Michelangelo |
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Influenced by light understanding, holds Shroud of Turin, light pours out of resurrection of Jesus (burned into stone), chapel added on, woven dome to allow light in certain places, exclusion yet participation with divine
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Santa Sindone
Turin, Italy 1667-1690 CE Guarnino Guarini |
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Interest in geometry, ellipse important for 2 focal points instead of one with circle, dome is ornate, architecture used as background for artworks
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St. Andrea al Quirinale
Rome, Italy 1658-1670 CE Gian Lorenzo Bernini |
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Based on number 5, complex star-like ring with church around it, funerary aspect, onion-like dome, extremely complex and sophisticated geometry, dome is subtle (mirror-like)
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Church of St. John Nepomuk
Zelena Hora, Czech Republic 1720-1722 Santini Aichel |
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Ovals, greets streets (not flat facade, more plastic and sensual), recognizing how people move through space
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San Carlo alle Quattro Fontane
Rome, Italy 1638-1641 CE Francesco Boromini |
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Part of University of Rome, spiral dome, centralized space, dome shows complex geometry
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St. Ivo
Rome, Italy 1642-1650 CE Francesco Boromini |
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Connection to oneself and one's lineage, juxtaposition to combine all religious elements (temple, dome, towers, triumphal arches, columns (minarets)), no cosmological references just God, combines elements from history to make Christianity whole again after Council of Trent
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Karlskirche (Church of St. Charles)
Vienna, Austria 1716-1737 J.B. Fisher von Erlach and G.W. Leibniz |
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Quarrel of the Ancients and Moderns
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Questions of authority of past and ideas of progress
At French Academy- outside of church, hold discussions without barrier of offending church doctrine Ancients- Nicolas Boileau and Francois Blondel, imitate great examples of the past, all you could do Moderns- Claude and Charles Perrault, Fontenelle, progress better than past, question of past and nature of human progress, faith/scientific inquiry should be separate, checking theories with experiments, theory dictates practice, parts of body to architecture |
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Ordinance of the Five Kinds of Columns
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Claude Perrault
1683 Modern theory of architecture, radical ideals, unpacks traditional architecture, probable dimensions work well enough until something better found Right mean (justice milieu)- averages proportions, basic for dimensions that are best Rejects optical correction- poor proportions, blames craftsmen, numbers only matter,1:1 relation with reality, measure first then experience (not experience first then measure) Positive Beauty- natural, self-evident, visible, bilateral symmetry (not parts to whole), precision of execution Arbitrary Beauty- historical, fashion, tradition, custom |
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New capital, largest building in world, revival of myth (ancient) with changing world to your favor (modern)
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Palace and Gardens of Versailles
Versailles, France L. Le Vau and A. Le Notre 1662- Gardens Unknown- Palace |
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Square court, New entrance to royal residency (center of Paris, royal power), Baroque characteristics, double columns, aligns with radical theory, appears light and delicate but looks gothic
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Eastern facade of Louvre
Paris, France 1667-1672 Claude Perrault |
