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92 Cards in this Set

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Roman Aqueduct
Late 1st century B.C.
Nime, France

Survival of large Roman construction as examples of glorious distant past.
Note curved arches, typical of Roman style.
St. Philbert
ca 960-1120
Tournus, France

Experimentation with stone vaulting in part as fire protection.
Mixture of old concepts and new experiments.
Transverse barrel vault over the nave to allow clerestory windows.
Churches face east with an entrance of the west to face Jerusalem.
Side chapels dedicated to saints to keep relics for people to pray to.
St. Lazare Cathedral
ca 1120-1132
Autun, France

Tympanum, main west portal.
Sculpture taught the illiterate the Church's teachings; such as the last judgment.
Pilgrimage Church
4 plans
These churches were combinations of different styles throughout Europe that were brought through pilgrimages.
Built to house relics.
Were constructed with circulation in mind to host large numbers of pilgrims.
The more money a church had, the longer the nave.
Additive in composition.
Ste. Foy
ca 1050-1120
Conques, France

Example of a pilgrimage road church.
Rationalization of circulation, modular additive composition of volumetric modules.
Unification of plan, interior elevation, and vault.
Crossing Dome.
Exterior hierarchically additive ordering of volumes expressive of the interior spatial order.
Thick walls with small openings, dark interior.
St. Martin du Canigou
1001-1026
France

The Catholic Church and its monasteries represented a last vestige of Roman organization in Western Europe and were in a re-civilizing influence in areas converted to Christianity.
Monks in the monastery could read and write, and would keep records for the nobles.
Monastery of the Cluniacs, 3rd Abbey Church (Cluny III)
planned in 1043
executed 1095-ca 1121
Cluny, France

Focal point for the collection and dissemination of new architectural ideas.
Adopted pilgrimage road church innovations, multiple towers ambulatory and radiating chapels, modular composition.
Stone vault ceiling-high levels of revirtibration, good acoustics.
Importance of monastic communities in architectural innovation and diffusion of innovations.
San Miniato
1018-1062
Florence, Italy

Continued reliance upon the Early Christian basilical plan and form, reluctant to rely on innovations of the French.
Loved math and geometry.
Wood truss roof, clerestory windows, naves and side aisles.
Example of Italian city-states seeking their own identity.
San Ambrogio
1068-1128, Milan, Italy

Italian Regional variety in Italy.
Last atrium and narthex built in Lombardy. Basillical plan with arches, vaults and domes.
S.M. Maggiore Cathedral
Beg. 1063, Pisa, Italy.

Continuation of the Early Christian basilical scheme including the Italian separation of elements- cathedral, bell tower, bapistery, and memoria.
Distinctive 3-D treatment of the facade.
Basilical plan with the transepts treated as small basilicas.
Less interested in geometry.
Liked colored stones.
Bell Tower = Leaning Tower of Pisa
St. Etienne
ca 1068
Caen, France

Tripartite west facade has unusually tall towers.
Sexpartite rib vaulted nave; quadrant vaulted gallery; groin vaulted square bayed aisles
Additive character of Romanesque churches.
Durham Cathedral
1093-1133
Durham, England

Normans bring Continental church design to England.
Simple plan, rejection of the ambulatory and radiating chapels.
High seven-part ribbed vaults for a high wide span and clerestory windows.
Classicism
Turn to ancient Roman literature and art. Rediscovery of The ten Books of Architecture by Vitruvius.
Humanism
Man and his capabilities become chief area of inquiry.
Scientific learning
Experimentation, individual exploration become method of learning.
Proportion and Order
Attempt to understand cosmos through proportion and order.
Florence
Florence is the most important site for the Early Renaissance, continuing its development from the 12th-14th centuries.
Major religious and civic sites in Florence
1. Cathedral
2. Piazza Signoria
3. Santa Croce
4. Bargello
5. Orsanmichele
Why did Renaissance intellectuals and architects turn to Classical antiquity? What Classical elements did Renaissance architects use?
a
What are the primary characteristics of Renaissance architecture? Which
buildings best illustrate these principles?
Flatness
Lightness

Compare Sant' Andrea with Basilica of Maxentius in Rome (307-312).
What city was the most important site for Early Renaissance architecture?
What characteristics of this city supported the development of new types of
architecture?
Florence (1420-1500)
Abundance of commerce, textiles, crafts, and arts.
Wealth and Ambition makes it a perfect capital for Early Renaissance architecture.
City as a work of art, represent wealth and beauty.
How does High Renaissance architecture in Rome differ from Early Renaissance architecture in Florence? Use concrete examples to compare the
two.
a
Classicism
Turn to ancient Roman literature and art. Rediscovery of The Ten Books of Architecture by Vitruvius.
Want to understand how ancient builders built.
Humanism
Man and his capabilities become chief area of inquiry.
Scientific learning
Experimentation, individual exploration become method of learning.
Proportion and Order
Attempt to understand cosmos through proportion and order.

Ex. Leonardo Da Vinci's Vitruvian Man shows proportion of arm spand to height.
Florence
Florence is the most important site for the Early Renaissance, continuing its development from the 12th-14th centuries.
Major religious and civic sites in Florence
1. Cathedral
2. Piazza Signoria
3. Santa Croce
4. Bargello
5. Orsanmichele
Filippo Brunelleschi (1377-1446)
Transitional figure who helped create Renaissance architectural forms and principles; he is known as the first Renaissance architect.
Also a sculptor, goldsmith, and developer of scientific perspective.
Scientific perspective allows form and space to be mathematically quantified and represented.
Figure that other architects look to in the future.
Limited understanding of the ancient past; doesn't read Latin.
"Rome was something to be aspired to even though it is not fully understood."
Foundling Hospital
Florence (1419 and later)
Filippo Brunelleschi
"first Renaissance building"
Depends on simple mathematical relationships and classical forms (ancient Rome).
Symmetric and regular.
Round columns and Corinthian capitals.
Influenced countless later buildings, including Torrance High School in CA (1917)
San Lorenzo
(1421-1460) Florence
Filippo Brunelleschi

Similar to Italian Gothic Santa Croce, aside from square module at the top of the nave in San Lorenzo.
Parish Church sponsored by the Medici family, the most powerful family in the 15th century.
Flat ceiling: does not force viewer to look up but around the building.
Clear perspective and vanishing point.
Old Sacristy: composition of simple geometric shapes such as circles and squares.
Perspective
A way to construct or reconstruct the world. Scientifically accurate view. 3D to 2D. Not represented in early art. Developed by Brunelleschi.
Santa Maria del Fiore
Florence Cathedral (1420-1436)
Filippo Brunelleschi

Nave is executed in Florentine Gothic, like santa Croce.
Overall spaciousness, breadth of nave, smallish clerestory windows.
Santa Maria del Fiore
Could not build a dome structurally in such a large building without using buttresses.
Competition, won by Brunelleschi, to build the dome.
Largest dome in West since Roman Empire. Clear attempt to rival ancient Rome.
Not purely classical in form, structure and position. Gothic and classical in form.
Double shell dome, ribs for strength.
Uses herringbone brick courses, a wooden tension chain, and other innovative techniques.
Medieval Florence
characterized by violent feuds between Guelphs and Chibellines.
Toree dei Buondelmonti
Florence, Italy
13th century

Family tower typical of tower-residences that characterize medical Italian city-states; served as strongholds. Defensible space.
Palazzos
Relative safety and increased comfort showing wealth during the Renaissance allowed famalies to move into less defensible spaces.
Palazzo Davanzati
Florence, Italy
(1350-1385)

Transition of Towers to Palazzos, not full Palazzo

Additive plan around centralized courtyard.
Organized in 5 levels.
Conduct business on bottom level.
Most important family members live on second level.
Lesser members of the family lived on third level, floor heights decrease.
Servants and kitchen on fourth floor, if kitchen caught on fire it wouldnt ruin the rest of the building.
Top floor, place for family to enjoy open space, away from the streets.
Palazzo Medici
Florence, 1444-60

Draws from Palazzo Vecchip and aspects of public architecture.
Still differentiation of levels, getting shorter as you go up. 3 level rustication.
Classical arch windows.
Cornace: column capital for the entire building. ("Like the building has a hat."
More horizontal courtyard, unlike Palazzo Davanzati, result of the Renaissance.
Leon Battista Alberti
1404-1472

Represents the new type of designer, the beginning of the modern architect. Unlike Brunelleschi, he is an intellectual and a humanist scholar. His Ten
Books on Architecture is the first major architectural treatise in the West since antiquity. Compare the elevation of Alberti’s Palazzo Rucellai (1450-70) with the Colosseum in Rome (72-80).

Decorative yet flat in style.
Palazzo Rucellai
Florence, 1450-1470
Leon Battista Alberti

Flatness of stonework, more classical elements.
Palazzo Strozzi
Florence, 1493-1538
Benedetto di Maiano and il Cronaca

The culmination of the Florentine Renaissance palazzo building trend. Considered the most beautiful Renaissance mansion in Italy.
Used to be a full city block before surrounding buildings were built.
Sant' Andrea
Mantua 1472
Leon Battista Alberti

Alberti represents the ideals of the Renaissance man and the architect as a learned individual.
Can compare facade to the Pantheon (120-127) and the Arch of Constantine (315) in Rome.
Rome and the High Renaissance
Depopulated after the fall of the Roman Empire in the 5th century, Rome recovers in the 15th century with growing papal strength.
Popes become major patrons of architecture and urban development.
The challenge and influence of the Classical past is even stronger in Rome.
S. Maria della Consolazione
Todi Italy (1508) Cola da Caprarola

Simple geometry
Clarity, not greatness of scale.
Not a well-know architect.
Donato Bramante
Perhaps the most influential High Renaissance architect.
Uses Classical elements and clear geometric figures.
The Tempietto
Rome 1504
Donato Bramante

Little Building
One of clearest manifestations of the high Renaissance.
Where St. Peter was thought to have been crucified.
Originally part of a larger complex.
Precise and complex proportions.
Not a flat wall, carved. More classical.
St. Peter's Basilica
Rome 1506
Donato Barmante

By 1450, Old St. Peter’s was deemed unsuitable for modern Rome and the Papacy. Bramante’s plan, which was begun but never completed, influenced the succeeding 120 years of design and construction.
Clear oder and clarity. Towers on each of four corners.
Palazzo Farnese
Rome (1530-89)
Antonio da Sangallo and Michelangelo

Grand palazzo befitting the family of a pope.
More classical than palazzos 100 years earlier, although basic form is the same.
Large square with interior courtyard.
Barrel vault and classical columns.
More genuine in depicting Classical Roman Architecture.
Compare and contrast Early Renaissance and High Renaissance buildings and/or urban planning. How were they similar, and how did they differ? Use specific examples to illustrate your points.
High Renaissance:
Highly ordered, geometric urban spaces and consistent building designs
In the 1500s in Italy, architects and others used similar principles in designing
gardens and city plans. Using an example of a garden and an example of an urban plan/project, discuss these principles.
a
In the 1500s, Popes and associated figures became important patrons of
architecture, gardens, and city planning. Using two or three examples, discuss the motivations, forms, and principles of projects associated with Papal patronage.
a
Palladio is often described as one of the most influential architects in Western history. What were some of the ways in which he influenced later architects?
a
Pienza
1459-72
Bernardo Rossellino (Student of Alberti)

An Early Renaissance town plan that emphasizes variety within a blanaced composition. Sponsored by Pope Pius II, who remakes the town of Corsignano.
Influenced by Alberti, buildings that compliment each other, but does not cause discord and difference.
Little desire for authentic Classical Roman forms, overall sytlistic unity and pure geometry.
Pienza, Cathedral
1459-72
Bernardo Rossellino

Hall Church (the aisles are as tall as the nave) which is a common type in Northern Europe Gothic.
Attempt to apply a classical pattern to the facade.
Pienza, Palazzo Piccolomini
1459-72
Rossellino

One of the earliest Renaissance private residences to use classical orders.
Very similar to Palazzo Rucellai, Florence.
Pienza, Town Hall
Attempt to reproduce the major features of common public building types.
Very similar to Piazza Signoria in Florence.
Sforzinda
1461-2
Antonio Averlino (Filarete)

Not a real city.
Book about ideal architecture using the city as framework.
One of the earliest ideal cities of the Renaissance, Sforzinda for Duke Sfora of Milan.
Attempt at a perfect geometric plan.
Filarete attempts to link the planning and architecture of the city to its social and moral content.
House of Vice and Virtue, Sforzinda
plans for moral instruction through the House of Vice and Virtue, where youths will learn of the consequences of various choices. New idea, example of Renaissance.
Palmanova
Realized City
1593

Venetian fortress.
Street pattern shown here were not executed.
Similar geometric fortresses are constructed across Europe.
Mannerist(ism)
Giulio Romano
Michelangelo Buonarroti
Giacomo Barozzi da Vignola

React against clarity and harmony of High Renaissance for more personal and idionsyncratic works.
Refers to an approach or attitude rather than to a style.
Palazzo del Te
Mantua 1525-31
Giulio Romano

Breaking rules of the Classical ornament, to create whimsical and sometimes disturbing effects.
Columns are unfinished.
Keystones put where not necessary.
Juxtaposition of "correct" and "incorrect uses of Classical ornament.
Ideal Cities
Pienza
Sforzinda
Palmanova
16th Century Developments
Palazzo del Te
Campidoglio
Villa d'Este
Villa Giulia
Andrea Palladio and the Veneto
The Four Books
II Redentore
Villa Rotonda
Early Gothic Architecture in France
Church of St. Denis
Notre Dame in Paris
High Gothic Architecture in France
Notre Dame in Chartres
Notre Dame in Amiens
Ste.-Chappelle
Gothic Architecture in England
Salisbury Cathedral
Gloucester Cathedral
King's College Chapel in Cambridge
Florence, Brunelleschi, and the Early Renaissance
The Foundling Hospital
San Lorenzo
Santa Maria del Fiore (Florence Cathedral)
Renaissance Urban Residences
Tower and Palazzo
Rome and the High Renaissance
The Ideal Centralized Church
Donato Bramante and the Tempietto
Barmante and St. Peter's
Campidoglio
Rome (begun 1537)
Michelangelo

On the Capitoline Hill; the most sacred site in Rome, but later became site of secular government and guilds.
The hill rises over the ancient Roman forum at the heart of the city. In Michelangelor's time, the site was irregular and in poor condition.
Orients the plaza toward the west and St. Peter's rather than towards the old Roman Forum.
Reconstructs the Senate building at the east end, adds a facade to the Palace of the Conservators and designs a new building to mirror the Palace of the Conservators.
Emphasis on movement through processional path, shape of plaza, slope of site.
In center of plaza, statue of Marcus Aurelius.
Giant order on buildings; columns more than one story tall.
Villa d'Este
Tivoli (1549-72)
Pirro Ligorio, designer
Cardinal Ippolito d'Este, patron

Renaissance grid, but with strong diagonal elements (element of Boroque Architecture)
Water Organ: technological mastery of water.
Oval Fountain: represents a famous waterfall at Tivoli.
Line of 100 fountains.
Three courses of water represent three tributaries of the river Tiber, which flows through Rome.
Model of the City of Rome at the end of "Tiber River"
Villa Builia
Rome (1550-55)
Giacomo Barazzi da Vignola

Mannerist Villa, but approach and effects differ from Romano's Palzzo del Te.
Rusticated columns; columns becomes the arch.
From inside the courtyard, the back of the "square building" is round.
Surprise and playfulness.
Rome Replanned
Popes hope to remake Rome into a city worthy of its place as capital of Christendom.
The Strada Pia (long straight street; non existent in his time) was designed by Michelangelo in 1561 to make city more legible but never executed.
Piazza Del Popolo
2 Churches with streets on either side, creating 3 avenues, goal of Pope Sixtus V, some of it was implemented.
Andrea Palladio
Through his works and writings, Palladio becomes one of the most influential Renaissance architects. He works in Veneto the area around Venice, rather than in Rome.
The Four Books of Architecture (1570) is translated into many languages (written originally in Italian) and helps spread Classical Roman, Renaissance, and Palladio's own architecture.
His villa designs become widely influential; both country estate and working farm, as wealthy landowners attempt to produce wealth from land.
Applies temple motifs to residential buildings.
Influential in England and later in the United States.
Redentore (The Redeemer)
Venice 1576-80
Andrea Palladio

Built after plague, forgiveness for sin that made plague.
Palladio attempts to apply ideas of Classical temples to Christian Church Facade.
Interlocking temple-front motifs corresponds to the interior spaces.
Thermal windows drawn from ancient Roman baths.
Siena and Civic Government
The Palazzo Publico and the Piazza del Campo
Siena Cathedral
Civic Sites
Piazza della Signoria and the Palazzo Vecchio
Bergello
Orsanmichele
Commune
New type of political entity that first appears in Northern Italy.

Characterized by
- regular, permanent body of citizens to act as executive for citizens
- gradual acquisition of power from Church and other holders of power
- acquisition of rights outside the city
- development of relations with other communes
Palazzo Pubblico
Begun in 1297

Secular center of the city in contrast to the religious center of the Cathedral.
Housed Lorenzetti's Effects of Good Governement on Town and Country.
Siena Cathedral
Italy, 1226

Facade not until 1284
Italian Gothic: Classical Legacy in Italy and concerns of French Imperialism are factors in selective adoption of Gothic in Italy. Many regional variations.
Overall proportions, round arches create strong Romanesque flavor.
Major religious and civic sites in Florence
1. Cathedral
2. Piazza della Signoria
3. Santa Croce
4. Bargello
5. Orsanmichele
Santa Croce
Florence, Italy
Begun 1294
Arnolfi di Cambio

Facade 1850
Combination of Early Christian (basilica church plan), Romanesque, and Gothic Elements.
Broad nave, spacious aisles, timber truss roof.
Palazzo Vecchio
Florence, Italy.

Main buildings are civic rather than religious or royal.
The Palazzo Vecchio served as a kind of city hall where the council met.
First occupied by the governing council, guild leaders, and senior justices.
Architectural motifs drawn from military architecture.
Bargello
Florence, Italy 1250s

Originally for the Captain of the People, then became residence of the podesta, the governing magistrate.
Orsanmichele
Florence, Italy
1337 and later

First built as grain market with offices and granary above; ground floor soon became a shrine used by craft and grain guilds.
Guilds commissioned statues of patron saints for the exterior.
Palazzo Davanzati
Florence, Italy
ca. 1350

Example of how residence become more monumental as cities become wealthier.
Church of St. Mary Lubek
Germany, ca 1250-1350

Cathedral is pushed to the edge of town; St. Mary's is the church of the city, not of the local bishop.
Style is a northern variant of Gothic architecture, constructed in brick.
Verticality recalls French Gothic, but ornament and construction in brick are distinct.
Decorative use of ribs and color compared with typical French Gothic.
Cloth Hall with belfry
Bruges, Belguim 1240

Major open space fronted by cloth hall with belfry.
Belfry with its halls first serves as both covered market and town hall-both political and commercial function.
Bastides: Monpazier, France
1284

Bastides were new towns established in 13th-14th centuries in France, mainly for trade (sometimes for military reasons as well); more generally, for asserting control over territory for agriculture and trade.
Importance of trade is shown by the central market and the covered arcades.