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92 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Roman Aqueduct
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Late 1st century B.C.
Nime, France Survival of large Roman construction as examples of glorious distant past. Note curved arches, typical of Roman style. |
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St. Philbert
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ca 960-1120
Tournus, France Experimentation with stone vaulting in part as fire protection. Mixture of old concepts and new experiments. Transverse barrel vault over the nave to allow clerestory windows. Churches face east with an entrance of the west to face Jerusalem. Side chapels dedicated to saints to keep relics for people to pray to. |
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St. Lazare Cathedral
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ca 1120-1132
Autun, France Tympanum, main west portal. Sculpture taught the illiterate the Church's teachings; such as the last judgment. |
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Pilgrimage Church
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4 plans
These churches were combinations of different styles throughout Europe that were brought through pilgrimages. Built to house relics. Were constructed with circulation in mind to host large numbers of pilgrims. The more money a church had, the longer the nave. Additive in composition. |
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Ste. Foy
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ca 1050-1120
Conques, France Example of a pilgrimage road church. Rationalization of circulation, modular additive composition of volumetric modules. Unification of plan, interior elevation, and vault. Crossing Dome. Exterior hierarchically additive ordering of volumes expressive of the interior spatial order. Thick walls with small openings, dark interior. |
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St. Martin du Canigou
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1001-1026
France The Catholic Church and its monasteries represented a last vestige of Roman organization in Western Europe and were in a re-civilizing influence in areas converted to Christianity. Monks in the monastery could read and write, and would keep records for the nobles. |
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Monastery of the Cluniacs, 3rd Abbey Church (Cluny III)
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planned in 1043
executed 1095-ca 1121 Cluny, France Focal point for the collection and dissemination of new architectural ideas. Adopted pilgrimage road church innovations, multiple towers ambulatory and radiating chapels, modular composition. Stone vault ceiling-high levels of revirtibration, good acoustics. Importance of monastic communities in architectural innovation and diffusion of innovations. |
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San Miniato
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1018-1062
Florence, Italy Continued reliance upon the Early Christian basilical plan and form, reluctant to rely on innovations of the French. Loved math and geometry. Wood truss roof, clerestory windows, naves and side aisles. Example of Italian city-states seeking their own identity. |
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San Ambrogio
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1068-1128, Milan, Italy
Italian Regional variety in Italy. Last atrium and narthex built in Lombardy. Basillical plan with arches, vaults and domes. |
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S.M. Maggiore Cathedral
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Beg. 1063, Pisa, Italy.
Continuation of the Early Christian basilical scheme including the Italian separation of elements- cathedral, bell tower, bapistery, and memoria. Distinctive 3-D treatment of the facade. Basilical plan with the transepts treated as small basilicas. Less interested in geometry. Liked colored stones. Bell Tower = Leaning Tower of Pisa |
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St. Etienne
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ca 1068
Caen, France Tripartite west facade has unusually tall towers. Sexpartite rib vaulted nave; quadrant vaulted gallery; groin vaulted square bayed aisles Additive character of Romanesque churches. |
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Durham Cathedral
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1093-1133
Durham, England Normans bring Continental church design to England. Simple plan, rejection of the ambulatory and radiating chapels. High seven-part ribbed vaults for a high wide span and clerestory windows. |
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Classicism
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Turn to ancient Roman literature and art. Rediscovery of The ten Books of Architecture by Vitruvius.
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Humanism
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Man and his capabilities become chief area of inquiry.
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Scientific learning
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Experimentation, individual exploration become method of learning.
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Proportion and Order
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Attempt to understand cosmos through proportion and order.
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Florence
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Florence is the most important site for the Early Renaissance, continuing its development from the 12th-14th centuries.
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Major religious and civic sites in Florence
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1. Cathedral
2. Piazza Signoria 3. Santa Croce 4. Bargello 5. Orsanmichele |
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Why did Renaissance intellectuals and architects turn to Classical antiquity? What Classical elements did Renaissance architects use?
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What are the primary characteristics of Renaissance architecture? Which
buildings best illustrate these principles? |
Flatness
Lightness Compare Sant' Andrea with Basilica of Maxentius in Rome (307-312). |
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What city was the most important site for Early Renaissance architecture?
What characteristics of this city supported the development of new types of architecture? |
Florence (1420-1500)
Abundance of commerce, textiles, crafts, and arts. Wealth and Ambition makes it a perfect capital for Early Renaissance architecture. City as a work of art, represent wealth and beauty. |
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How does High Renaissance architecture in Rome differ from Early Renaissance architecture in Florence? Use concrete examples to compare the
two. |
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Classicism
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Turn to ancient Roman literature and art. Rediscovery of The Ten Books of Architecture by Vitruvius.
Want to understand how ancient builders built. |
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Humanism
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Man and his capabilities become chief area of inquiry.
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Scientific learning
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Experimentation, individual exploration become method of learning.
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Proportion and Order
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Attempt to understand cosmos through proportion and order.
Ex. Leonardo Da Vinci's Vitruvian Man shows proportion of arm spand to height. |
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Florence
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Florence is the most important site for the Early Renaissance, continuing its development from the 12th-14th centuries.
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Major religious and civic sites in Florence
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1. Cathedral
2. Piazza Signoria 3. Santa Croce 4. Bargello 5. Orsanmichele |
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Filippo Brunelleschi (1377-1446)
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Transitional figure who helped create Renaissance architectural forms and principles; he is known as the first Renaissance architect.
Also a sculptor, goldsmith, and developer of scientific perspective. Scientific perspective allows form and space to be mathematically quantified and represented. Figure that other architects look to in the future. Limited understanding of the ancient past; doesn't read Latin. "Rome was something to be aspired to even though it is not fully understood." |
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Foundling Hospital
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Florence (1419 and later)
Filippo Brunelleschi "first Renaissance building" Depends on simple mathematical relationships and classical forms (ancient Rome). Symmetric and regular. Round columns and Corinthian capitals. Influenced countless later buildings, including Torrance High School in CA (1917) |
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San Lorenzo
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(1421-1460) Florence
Filippo Brunelleschi Similar to Italian Gothic Santa Croce, aside from square module at the top of the nave in San Lorenzo. Parish Church sponsored by the Medici family, the most powerful family in the 15th century. Flat ceiling: does not force viewer to look up but around the building. Clear perspective and vanishing point. Old Sacristy: composition of simple geometric shapes such as circles and squares. |
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Perspective
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A way to construct or reconstruct the world. Scientifically accurate view. 3D to 2D. Not represented in early art. Developed by Brunelleschi.
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Santa Maria del Fiore
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Florence Cathedral (1420-1436)
Filippo Brunelleschi Nave is executed in Florentine Gothic, like santa Croce. Overall spaciousness, breadth of nave, smallish clerestory windows. |
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Santa Maria del Fiore
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Could not build a dome structurally in such a large building without using buttresses.
Competition, won by Brunelleschi, to build the dome. Largest dome in West since Roman Empire. Clear attempt to rival ancient Rome. Not purely classical in form, structure and position. Gothic and classical in form. Double shell dome, ribs for strength. Uses herringbone brick courses, a wooden tension chain, and other innovative techniques. |
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Medieval Florence
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characterized by violent feuds between Guelphs and Chibellines.
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Toree dei Buondelmonti
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Florence, Italy
13th century Family tower typical of tower-residences that characterize medical Italian city-states; served as strongholds. Defensible space. |
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Palazzos
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Relative safety and increased comfort showing wealth during the Renaissance allowed famalies to move into less defensible spaces.
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Palazzo Davanzati
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Florence, Italy
(1350-1385) Transition of Towers to Palazzos, not full Palazzo Additive plan around centralized courtyard. Organized in 5 levels. Conduct business on bottom level. Most important family members live on second level. Lesser members of the family lived on third level, floor heights decrease. Servants and kitchen on fourth floor, if kitchen caught on fire it wouldnt ruin the rest of the building. Top floor, place for family to enjoy open space, away from the streets. |
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Palazzo Medici
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Florence, 1444-60
Draws from Palazzo Vecchip and aspects of public architecture. Still differentiation of levels, getting shorter as you go up. 3 level rustication. Classical arch windows. Cornace: column capital for the entire building. ("Like the building has a hat." More horizontal courtyard, unlike Palazzo Davanzati, result of the Renaissance. |
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Leon Battista Alberti
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1404-1472
Represents the new type of designer, the beginning of the modern architect. Unlike Brunelleschi, he is an intellectual and a humanist scholar. His Ten Books on Architecture is the first major architectural treatise in the West since antiquity. Compare the elevation of Alberti’s Palazzo Rucellai (1450-70) with the Colosseum in Rome (72-80). Decorative yet flat in style. |
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Palazzo Rucellai
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Florence, 1450-1470
Leon Battista Alberti Flatness of stonework, more classical elements. |
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Palazzo Strozzi
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Florence, 1493-1538
Benedetto di Maiano and il Cronaca The culmination of the Florentine Renaissance palazzo building trend. Considered the most beautiful Renaissance mansion in Italy. Used to be a full city block before surrounding buildings were built. |
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Sant' Andrea
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Mantua 1472
Leon Battista Alberti Alberti represents the ideals of the Renaissance man and the architect as a learned individual. Can compare facade to the Pantheon (120-127) and the Arch of Constantine (315) in Rome. |
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Rome and the High Renaissance
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Depopulated after the fall of the Roman Empire in the 5th century, Rome recovers in the 15th century with growing papal strength.
Popes become major patrons of architecture and urban development. The challenge and influence of the Classical past is even stronger in Rome. |
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S. Maria della Consolazione
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Todi Italy (1508) Cola da Caprarola
Simple geometry Clarity, not greatness of scale. Not a well-know architect. |
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Donato Bramante
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Perhaps the most influential High Renaissance architect.
Uses Classical elements and clear geometric figures. |
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The Tempietto
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Rome 1504
Donato Bramante Little Building One of clearest manifestations of the high Renaissance. Where St. Peter was thought to have been crucified. Originally part of a larger complex. Precise and complex proportions. Not a flat wall, carved. More classical. |
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St. Peter's Basilica
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Rome 1506
Donato Barmante By 1450, Old St. Peter’s was deemed unsuitable for modern Rome and the Papacy. Bramante’s plan, which was begun but never completed, influenced the succeeding 120 years of design and construction. Clear oder and clarity. Towers on each of four corners. |
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Palazzo Farnese
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Rome (1530-89)
Antonio da Sangallo and Michelangelo Grand palazzo befitting the family of a pope. More classical than palazzos 100 years earlier, although basic form is the same. Large square with interior courtyard. Barrel vault and classical columns. More genuine in depicting Classical Roman Architecture. |
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Compare and contrast Early Renaissance and High Renaissance buildings and/or urban planning. How were they similar, and how did they differ? Use specific examples to illustrate your points.
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High Renaissance:
Highly ordered, geometric urban spaces and consistent building designs |
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In the 1500s in Italy, architects and others used similar principles in designing
gardens and city plans. Using an example of a garden and an example of an urban plan/project, discuss these principles. |
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In the 1500s, Popes and associated figures became important patrons of
architecture, gardens, and city planning. Using two or three examples, discuss the motivations, forms, and principles of projects associated with Papal patronage. |
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Palladio is often described as one of the most influential architects in Western history. What were some of the ways in which he influenced later architects?
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Pienza
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1459-72
Bernardo Rossellino (Student of Alberti) An Early Renaissance town plan that emphasizes variety within a blanaced composition. Sponsored by Pope Pius II, who remakes the town of Corsignano. Influenced by Alberti, buildings that compliment each other, but does not cause discord and difference. Little desire for authentic Classical Roman forms, overall sytlistic unity and pure geometry. |
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Pienza, Cathedral
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1459-72
Bernardo Rossellino Hall Church (the aisles are as tall as the nave) which is a common type in Northern Europe Gothic. Attempt to apply a classical pattern to the facade. |
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Pienza, Palazzo Piccolomini
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1459-72
Rossellino One of the earliest Renaissance private residences to use classical orders. Very similar to Palazzo Rucellai, Florence. |
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Pienza, Town Hall
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Attempt to reproduce the major features of common public building types.
Very similar to Piazza Signoria in Florence. |
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Sforzinda
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1461-2
Antonio Averlino (Filarete) Not a real city. Book about ideal architecture using the city as framework. One of the earliest ideal cities of the Renaissance, Sforzinda for Duke Sfora of Milan. Attempt at a perfect geometric plan. Filarete attempts to link the planning and architecture of the city to its social and moral content. |
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House of Vice and Virtue, Sforzinda
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plans for moral instruction through the House of Vice and Virtue, where youths will learn of the consequences of various choices. New idea, example of Renaissance.
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Palmanova
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Realized City
1593 Venetian fortress. Street pattern shown here were not executed. Similar geometric fortresses are constructed across Europe. |
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Mannerist(ism)
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Giulio Romano
Michelangelo Buonarroti Giacomo Barozzi da Vignola React against clarity and harmony of High Renaissance for more personal and idionsyncratic works. Refers to an approach or attitude rather than to a style. |
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Palazzo del Te
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Mantua 1525-31
Giulio Romano Breaking rules of the Classical ornament, to create whimsical and sometimes disturbing effects. Columns are unfinished. Keystones put where not necessary. Juxtaposition of "correct" and "incorrect uses of Classical ornament. |
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Ideal Cities
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Pienza
Sforzinda Palmanova |
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16th Century Developments
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Palazzo del Te
Campidoglio Villa d'Este Villa Giulia |
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Andrea Palladio and the Veneto
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The Four Books
II Redentore Villa Rotonda |
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Early Gothic Architecture in France
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Church of St. Denis
Notre Dame in Paris |
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High Gothic Architecture in France
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Notre Dame in Chartres
Notre Dame in Amiens Ste.-Chappelle |
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Gothic Architecture in England
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Salisbury Cathedral
Gloucester Cathedral King's College Chapel in Cambridge |
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Florence, Brunelleschi, and the Early Renaissance
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The Foundling Hospital
San Lorenzo Santa Maria del Fiore (Florence Cathedral) |
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Renaissance Urban Residences
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Tower and Palazzo
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Rome and the High Renaissance
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The Ideal Centralized Church
Donato Bramante and the Tempietto Barmante and St. Peter's |
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Campidoglio
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Rome (begun 1537)
Michelangelo On the Capitoline Hill; the most sacred site in Rome, but later became site of secular government and guilds. The hill rises over the ancient Roman forum at the heart of the city. In Michelangelor's time, the site was irregular and in poor condition. Orients the plaza toward the west and St. Peter's rather than towards the old Roman Forum. Reconstructs the Senate building at the east end, adds a facade to the Palace of the Conservators and designs a new building to mirror the Palace of the Conservators. Emphasis on movement through processional path, shape of plaza, slope of site. In center of plaza, statue of Marcus Aurelius. Giant order on buildings; columns more than one story tall. |
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Villa d'Este
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Tivoli (1549-72)
Pirro Ligorio, designer Cardinal Ippolito d'Este, patron Renaissance grid, but with strong diagonal elements (element of Boroque Architecture) Water Organ: technological mastery of water. Oval Fountain: represents a famous waterfall at Tivoli. Line of 100 fountains. Three courses of water represent three tributaries of the river Tiber, which flows through Rome. Model of the City of Rome at the end of "Tiber River" |
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Villa Builia
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Rome (1550-55)
Giacomo Barazzi da Vignola Mannerist Villa, but approach and effects differ from Romano's Palzzo del Te. Rusticated columns; columns becomes the arch. From inside the courtyard, the back of the "square building" is round. Surprise and playfulness. |
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Rome Replanned
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Popes hope to remake Rome into a city worthy of its place as capital of Christendom.
The Strada Pia (long straight street; non existent in his time) was designed by Michelangelo in 1561 to make city more legible but never executed. |
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Piazza Del Popolo
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2 Churches with streets on either side, creating 3 avenues, goal of Pope Sixtus V, some of it was implemented.
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Andrea Palladio
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Through his works and writings, Palladio becomes one of the most influential Renaissance architects. He works in Veneto the area around Venice, rather than in Rome.
The Four Books of Architecture (1570) is translated into many languages (written originally in Italian) and helps spread Classical Roman, Renaissance, and Palladio's own architecture. His villa designs become widely influential; both country estate and working farm, as wealthy landowners attempt to produce wealth from land. Applies temple motifs to residential buildings. Influential in England and later in the United States. |
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Redentore (The Redeemer)
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Venice 1576-80
Andrea Palladio Built after plague, forgiveness for sin that made plague. Palladio attempts to apply ideas of Classical temples to Christian Church Facade. Interlocking temple-front motifs corresponds to the interior spaces. Thermal windows drawn from ancient Roman baths. |
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Siena and Civic Government
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The Palazzo Publico and the Piazza del Campo
Siena Cathedral |
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Civic Sites
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Piazza della Signoria and the Palazzo Vecchio
Bergello Orsanmichele |
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Commune
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New type of political entity that first appears in Northern Italy.
Characterized by - regular, permanent body of citizens to act as executive for citizens - gradual acquisition of power from Church and other holders of power - acquisition of rights outside the city - development of relations with other communes |
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Palazzo Pubblico
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Begun in 1297
Secular center of the city in contrast to the religious center of the Cathedral. Housed Lorenzetti's Effects of Good Governement on Town and Country. |
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Siena Cathedral
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Italy, 1226
Facade not until 1284 Italian Gothic: Classical Legacy in Italy and concerns of French Imperialism are factors in selective adoption of Gothic in Italy. Many regional variations. Overall proportions, round arches create strong Romanesque flavor. |
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Major religious and civic sites in Florence
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1. Cathedral
2. Piazza della Signoria 3. Santa Croce 4. Bargello 5. Orsanmichele |
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Santa Croce
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Florence, Italy
Begun 1294 Arnolfi di Cambio Facade 1850 Combination of Early Christian (basilica church plan), Romanesque, and Gothic Elements. Broad nave, spacious aisles, timber truss roof. |
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Palazzo Vecchio
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Florence, Italy.
Main buildings are civic rather than religious or royal. The Palazzo Vecchio served as a kind of city hall where the council met. First occupied by the governing council, guild leaders, and senior justices. Architectural motifs drawn from military architecture. |
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Bargello
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Florence, Italy 1250s
Originally for the Captain of the People, then became residence of the podesta, the governing magistrate. |
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Orsanmichele
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Florence, Italy
1337 and later First built as grain market with offices and granary above; ground floor soon became a shrine used by craft and grain guilds. Guilds commissioned statues of patron saints for the exterior. |
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Palazzo Davanzati
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Florence, Italy
ca. 1350 Example of how residence become more monumental as cities become wealthier. |
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Church of St. Mary Lubek
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Germany, ca 1250-1350
Cathedral is pushed to the edge of town; St. Mary's is the church of the city, not of the local bishop. Style is a northern variant of Gothic architecture, constructed in brick. Verticality recalls French Gothic, but ornament and construction in brick are distinct. Decorative use of ribs and color compared with typical French Gothic. |
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Cloth Hall with belfry
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Bruges, Belguim 1240
Major open space fronted by cloth hall with belfry. Belfry with its halls first serves as both covered market and town hall-both political and commercial function. |
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Bastides: Monpazier, France
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1284
Bastides were new towns established in 13th-14th centuries in France, mainly for trade (sometimes for military reasons as well); more generally, for asserting control over territory for agriculture and trade. Importance of trade is shown by the central market and the covered arcades. |