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25 Cards in this Set

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Godden and Baddely (1975)

Wanted to investigate context-dependent forgetting on deep seas divers. The divers learnt and were asked to recall words in 1 of 4 conditions:


Learn on land, recall on land


Learn on land, recall underwater


Learn underwater, recall underwater


Learn underwater, recall on land

Godden and Baddely results

Accurate recall was 40% lower in non matching conditions.

Godden and Baddely evaluation

-The study was held outside and therefore is difficult for other people to replicate the study due to variation in environmental factors.


-The variation between the two environments were very extreme and wouldn't occur in real life therefore results may be different to normal situations.


-May be due to the kind of memory used. They replicated the study and asked divers to say if they recognised a word from the list rather than recalling it. Results were the same for all conditions.

Clive Wearing

Used to research the effects of brain damage on memory.


An MRI was used to identify specific structures in Clive's brain which were damaged. They also used interviews and observations.

Clive Wearing results

He had damage to his hippocampus and some frontal regions of the brain. He could still remember how to play the piano, showing he had procedural memory but had bad episodic memory as he couldn't remember the previous conversation he had.

Clive Wearing evaluation

-Wearing was subject to forgetting therefore may not remember giving consent or understanding what the experiment was for.


-No two cases of brain damage are the same therefore it's hard to replicate and generalise the results.


-Uses MRI scans which are an accurate way of getting results.

McGeogh and McDonald (1931)

Studied retroactive interference by changing the amount of similarity between two lists of words. Participants had to learn 10 words until they could remember with 100% accuracy. Then they were split into 6 groups to learn a new list:


1. Synonyms


2.Antonyms


3.Words unrelated to original.


4.Nonsense syllables


5.Three digit numbers.


6.No new list

McGeogh and McDonald results

When the participants recalled the original list of words, their performance depended on the nature of the second list. The most similar material produced the worst recall. This shows interference is strongest when memories are similar.

McGeogh and McDonald evaluation

-Set in a lab therefore the variables are controlled.


-The task is unrealistic to a real memory task as it uses artificial materials.


-Baddeley and Hitch (1977) did a similar experiment with rugby players where they were asked to recall the names of the teams they had played that season. They had found that it was the amount of games they had played since which affected the results rather than how long ago it was.

Loftus and Palmer (1974)

Students watched film clips of car accidents and were asked questions about the accident. The critical question was: How fast was the car going when they.....into each other? Each group was given a different word:


-Hit


-Contacted


-Bumped


-Collided


-Smashed

Loftus and Palmer results

The verb contacted resulted in a mean speed of 31.8mph while the verb smashed resulted in a mean speed of 40.5mph. This shows that leading questions influences how a person answers the question.

Loftus and Palmer evaluation

-Has a real life application as police are now more careful when asking witnesses questions to get more accurate information.


-Used artificial materials as they watched clips of an accident therefore lack stress of a real accident.


-Only students were used and Anastasi and Rhodes (2006) found that people aged 18-25 and 35-45 had better recall than than those aged 55-78. Therefore results are not representative.

Alan Baddeley (1966)

Tested coding in the memory. He gave different lists of words to four groups of participants to remember:


1. Acoustically similar


2.Acoustically dissimilar.


3.Semantically similar


4.Semantically dissimilar.


Participants were then asked to recall original words immediately after they did it or after 20 minutes.

Baddeley results (coding)

If asked to recall immediately, it tested short term memory and they did worse with acoustically similar words.


If asked to recall after 20 minutes, it tested long term memory and did worse with semantically similar words.


Suggests STM codes acoustically and LTM codes semantically.

Joseph Jacobs (1887)

Tested capacity in the memory using the digit span technique. The number of digits in the right order the participants were asked to recall increased each time until they could no longer remember it.

Jacobs results

He found that the mean span for digits was 9.3 items.


The mean span for letters was 7.3




Miller (1956) found that people can also chunk 7 items.

Margaret and Lloyd Peterson (1959)

Tested duration in short term memory. They tested 24 students and each person took part in 8 trials.


On each trial, they were given a trigram to remember and a 3 digit number. They were asked to count backwards from that number of prevent rehearsal of the trigram.


One each trial, they were told to stop after a different amount of time (increased by 3 seconds each time until 18 seconds)

Peterson results

The amount of correct responses the participants gave decreased as time increased as less rehearsal could take place.

Henry Bahrick (1975)

Tested duration in long term memory. They studied 392 participants from Ohio between the ages of 17-74.


They got their high school yearbooks and asked participants to do free recall of names or did photo recognition.

Bahrick results

Participants tested within:
15 years- were 90% accurate for photo recognition.


After 15 years- 60% accurate for free recall.


After 48 years- 70% accurate for photo recognition and 30% accurate for free recall

Johnson and Scott (1976)

Did research to prove that anxiety had a negative effect on recall. They set up a situation where people heard an argument then saw either a person come out carrying a pen and covered in ink. Another group saw a person carrying a knife and blood.

Johnson and Scott results

They later had to pick out the photo of the man from 50 photos.


People who saw a pen were 49% accurate.


People who saw a knife were 33% accurate.



Yuville and Cutshall (1986)

Did research to show that anxiety had a positive effect on recall.


They used 13 participants who had witnessed a robbery in Vancouver 4-5 months prior. Witnesses were asked to rate how anxious they were during it and were then asked questions about the crime.

Yuville and Cutshall results

People who said they were most stressed were most accurate at 88% compared to those least stressed at 75%

Kohnken (1999)

Investigated cognitive interview. He found a 81% increase of correct information but a 61% increase in incorrect information when enhanced cognitive interview was used compared to standard.