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16 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What are clones?
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Individuals that are genetically identical to their parents. |
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When might cloning be useful? |
In farming and agriculture |
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How can you clone plants cheaply and effectively? |
by taking their cuttings and growing them |
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What is tissue culture? |
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When can tissue culture be useful? |
To reproduce large numbers of top-quality rare plants |
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What is a callus? |
A mass of identical plant cells |
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How are embryo transplants used to clone animals? |
An embryo with unspecialised cells is split into smaller groups if cells. Each group of genetically identical cells is transplanted and allowed to develop in a host animal. |
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What happens during adult cell cloning? |
1. the nucleus is removes from an unfertilised egg cell 2. the nucleus is removed from the skin cell and placed inside the "empty" egg cell 3. the new cell is given an electric shock which causes it to start to divide. The ball of cells is called an embryo and is genetically identical to the adult skin cell 4. the embryo is inserted into the womb of a host mother |
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What are the benefits of adult cell cloning?
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cloning can save animals from extinction. |
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What are the disadvantages of adult cell cloning?
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Cloning limits variation (problem for natural selection if the environment changes) concerns about using the technique to clone humans in the future. |
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What is genetic engineering? |
It involves changing the genetic make up of an organism. |
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How can genes be transferred to the cells of animals, plants or microorganisms at an early stage in their development?
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The gene is then placed in the chromosome of another organism. A vector (carrier) e.g. a plasmid or virus may be used to transfer the gene. |
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How can large quantities of insulin be produced through genetic engineering?
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The gene to produce insulin in humans can be placed in bacterium in order to produce large quantities of insulin. |
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What are GM crops? |
Crops with changed genes. |
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What are the advantages with genetic technology?
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Adult cell cloning may be used to make copies of the best animals. If a person has a faulty gene the correct gene can be transferred to the person and they could be cured. Several medical drugs have been produced by genetic engineering. GM crops include ones resistant to herbicides or insects. |
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What are the disadvantages with genetic technology?
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some people are concerned about accidentally introducing genes into wild flowers. insects which are not pests may be affected by GM crops. Many people worry about the effect of eating GM crops of human health. Many people argue about whether or not cloning and genetic engineering are ethical. |
